Editing Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (section)

== Last campaign and death ==
{{See also|Conquest of Wales by Edward I}}
{{Campaignbox 1282 Welsh Rebellion}}
[[File:Death of Llywelyn.jpg|thumb|344x344px|The death of Llywelyn]]
[[File:Llywelyn5.jpg|thumb|389x389px|The Llywelyn Monument at [[Cilmeri]] near [[Builth Wells]], erected in 1956]]
By early 1282, many of the lesser princes who had supported Edward against Llywelyn in 1277 were becoming disillusioned with the exactions of the royal officers.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} On [[Palm Sunday]] that year, Dafydd ap Gruffydd attacked the English at [[Hawarden Castle (medieval)|Hawarden Castle]] and then laid siege to [[Rhuddlan]]. Meanwhile, the revolt quickly spread to other parts of Wales, with [[Aberystwyth Castle]] captured and burnt by [[Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg]] (heir of Prince of South Wales/Deheubarth) and rebellion in South Wales,<ref name=Tout20/> also inspired by Dafydd according to the annals, where [[Carreg Cennen Castle]] was captured. Llywelyn, according to a letter he sent to the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[John Peckham]], was not involved in the planning of the revolt. He felt obliged, however, to support his brother and a war began for which the Welsh were ill-prepared.

Events followed a similar pattern to 1277, with Edward's forces capturing Gwynedd Is Conwy, Anglesey and taking the harvest. The English force occupying Anglesey tried to cross to the mainland on a bridge of boats but failed and was defeated in the [[Battle of Moel-y-don]]. The Archbishop of Canterbury tried mediating between Llywelyn and Edward, and Llywelyn was offered a large estate in England if he would surrender Wales to Edward, while Dafydd was to go on crusade and not return without the king's permission.<ref name=":0" /> In an emotional reply, which has been compared to the [[Declaration of Arbroath]], Llywelyn said he would not abandon the people whom his ancestors had protected since "the days of [[Kamber]] son of [[Brutus of Troy|Brutus]]" and rejected the offer.

Llywelyn now left Dafydd to lead the defence of Gwynedd and took a force South, trying to rally support in Mid and South Wales and open up an important second front. On 11 December at the [[Battle of Orewin Bridge]] at [[Builth Wells]], he was killed while separated from his army. The exact circumstances are unclear and there are two conflicting accounts of his death. Both accounts agree that Llywelyn was tricked into leaving the bulk of his army and was then attacked and killed. The first account says that Llywelyn and his chief minister approached the forces of [[Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer of Wigmore|Edmund Mortimer]] and Hugh Le Strange after crossing a bridge. They then heard the sound of battle as the main body of his army was met in battle by the forces of Roger Despenser and [[Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn]]. Llywelyn turned to rejoin his forces and was pursued by a lone lancer who struck him down. It was not until some time later that an English knight recognised the body as that of the King. This version of events was written in the north of England some fifty years later and has suspicious similarities with details about the [[Battle of Stirling Bridge]] in Scotland.

An alternative version of events written in the east of England by monks in contact with Llywelyn's exiled daughter, [[Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn]], and niece, [[Gwladys ferch Dafydd]], states that Llywelyn, at the front of his army, approached the combined forces of Edmund and Roger Mortimer, Hugo Le Strange, and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn on the promise that he would receive their homage. This was a deception. His army was immediately engaged in fierce battle during which a significant section of it was routed, causing Llywelyn and his eighteen retainers to become separated. At around dusk, Llywelyn and a small group of his retainers (which included clergy) were ambushed and chased into a wood at [[Aberedw]]. Llywelyn was surrounded and struck down. As he lay dying, he asked for a priest and gave away his identity. He was then killed and his head hewn from his body. His person was searched and various items recovered, including a list of "conspirators", which may well have been faked, and his privy [[Welsh Seal|seal]].

{{blockquote|If the king wishes to have the copy [of the list] found in the breeches of Llywelyn, he can have it from Edmund Mortimer, who has custody of it and also of Llywelyn’s privy seal and certain other things found in the same place.|Archbishop Peckham, in his first letter to Robert Bishop of Bath and Wells, 17 December 1282 ([[Lambeth Palace]] Archives)<ref name="cilmeri1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cilmeri.org/eng/?page_id=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702053329/http://www.cilmeri.org/eng/?page_id=5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-07-02 |title=Death of Llywelyn |publisher=Cilmeri |date=2006-12-10 |access-date=2012-04-29}}</ref>}}

The privy seal of Llywelyn the Last, his wife Eleanor and his brother [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd]] are thought to have been melted down by the English after finding them upon their bodies to make a chalice in 1284.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=Phillipp R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KeyVDwAAQBAJ&dq=llywelyn+seal&pg=PA39 |title=Seals and Society: Medieval Wales, the Welsh Marches and their English Border Region |last2=McEwan |first2=John |last3=New |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Johns |first4=Sue |year=2016 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-1-78316-872-9 |page=39 |language=en}}</ref>

There are legends surrounding the fate of Llywelyn's severed head. It is known that it was sent to Edward at Rhuddlan and after being shown to the English troops based in Anglesey, Edward sent the head on to London. In London, it was set up in the city [[pillory]] for a day, and crowned with [[ivy]] (i.e. to show he was a "king" of Outlaws and in mockery of the ancient Welsh prophecy, which said that a Welshman would be crowned in London as king of the whole of Britain). Then it was carried by a horseman on the point of his lance to the [[Tower of London]] and set up over the gate. It was still on the Tower of London 15 years later.<ref name="cilmeri1" />

The last resting place of Llywelyn's body is not known for certain; however, it has always been tradition that it was interred at the [[Cistercians]] Abbey at [[Abbeycwmhir]]. On 28 December 1282, Archbishop Peckham wrote a letter to the [[Archdeacon of Brecon]] at [[Brecon Priory]]:

{{blockquote|... inquire and clarify if the body of Llywelyn has been buried in the church of Cwmhir, and he was bound to clarify the latter before the feast of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], because he had another mandate on this matter, and ought to have certified the lord Archbishop before Christmas, and has not done so.<ref name="cilmeri1"/>}}

There is further supporting evidence for this hypothesis in the Chronicle of [[Florence of Worcester]]:

{{blockquote|As for the body of the Prince, his mangled trunk, it was interred in the Abbey of Cwm Hir, belonging to the Cistercian Order.<ref name="cilmeri1"/>}}

Another theory is that his body was transferred to [[Llanrumney Hall]] in [[Cardiff]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Tryst |last=Williams |title=Last true Welsh prince buried under pub? |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=15831549&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=last-true-welsh-prince-buried-under-pub--name_page.html |work=[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] |date=8 August 2005 |access-date=18 September 2007}}</ref>

The poet [[Gruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch]] wrote in an elegy on Llywelyn:

<poem>Do you not see the path of the wind and the rain?
Do you not see the oak trees in turmoil?
Cold my heart in a fearful breast
For the king, the oaken door of Aberffraw</poem>

There is an enigmatic reference in the Welsh annals [[Brut y Tywysogion]], "... and then Llywelyn was betrayed in the belfry at Bangor by his own men". No further explanation is given.