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Logical conjunction
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==Properties== '''[[Commutative property|commutativity]]: yes''' {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>A \land B</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |<math>B \land A</math> |-y |[[File:Venn0001.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn0001.svg|50px]] |} '''[[associativity]]: yes<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Howson |first=Colin |title=Logic with trees: an introduction to symbolic logic |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13342-5 |location=London; New York |pages=38}}</ref>''' {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>~A</math> |<math>~~~\land~~~</math> |<math>(B \land C)</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> | | |<math>(A \land B)</math> |<math>~~~\land~~~</math> |<math>~C</math> |- |[[File:Venn 0101 0101.svg|50px]] |<math>~~~\land~~~</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0011.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0001.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0001.svg|50px]] |<math>~~~\land~~~</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 1111.svg|50px]] |} '''[[distributivity]]:''' with various operations, especially with ''[[logical disjunction|or]]'' {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>~A</math> |<math>\land</math> |<math>(B \lor C)</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> | | |<math>(A \land B)</math> |<math>\lor</math> |<math>(A \land C)</math> |- |- |[[File:Venn 0101 0101.svg|50px]] |<math>\land</math> |[[File:Venn 0011 1111.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0101.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0001.svg|50px]] |<math>\lor</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0101.svg|50px]] |} {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" ! bgcolor="#ccccff"|others |- | with [[exclusive or]]: {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>~A</math> |<math>\land</math> |<math>(B \oplus C)</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> | | |<math>(A \land B)</math> |<math>\oplus</math> |<math>(A \land C)</math> |- |- |[[File:Venn 0101 0101.svg|50px]] |<math>\land</math> |[[File:Venn 0011 1100.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0100.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0001.svg|50px]] |<math>\oplus</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0101.svg|50px]] |} with [[material nonimplication]]: {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>~A</math> |<math>\land</math> |<math>(B \nrightarrow C)</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> | | |<math>(A \land B)</math> |<math>\nrightarrow</math> |<math>(A \land C)</math> |- |- |[[File:Venn 0101 0101.svg|50px]] |<math>\land</math> |[[File:Venn 0011 0000.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0000.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0001.svg|50px]] |<math>\nrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0101.svg|50px]] |} with itself: {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>~A</math> |<math>\land</math> |<math>(B \land C)</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> | | |<math>(A \land B)</math> |<math>\land</math> |<math>(A \land C)</math> |- |- |[[File:Venn 0101 0101.svg|50px]] |<math>\land</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0011.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0001.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn 0001 0001.svg|50px]] |<math>\land</math> |[[File:Venn 0000 0101.svg|50px]] |} |} '''[[idempotency]]: yes'''<br> {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>~A~</math> |<math>~\land~</math> |<math>~A~</math> | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |<math>A~</math> |- |[[File:Venn01.svg|36px]] |<math>~\land~</math> |[[File:Venn01.svg|36px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn01.svg|36px]] |} '''[[Monotonic function#In Boolean functions|monotonicity]]: yes''' {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |<math>A \rightarrow B</math> | <math>\Rightarrow</math> | | |<math>(A \land C)</math> |<math>\rightarrow</math> |<math>(B \land C)</math> |- ||[[File:Venn 1011 1011.svg|50px]] | <math>\Rightarrow</math> ||[[File:Venn 1111 1011.svg|50px]] | <math>\Leftrightarrow</math> ||[[File:Venn 0000 0101.svg|50px]] |<math>\rightarrow</math> ||[[File:Venn 0000 0011.svg|50px]] |} '''truth-preserving: yes'''<br>When all inputs are true, the output is true. {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>A \land B</math> | <math>\Rightarrow</math> |<math>A \land B</math> |- |[[File:Venn0001.svg|50px]] | <math>\Rightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn0001.svg|60px]] |- | | |{{small|(to be tested)}} |} '''falsehood-preserving: yes'''<br>When all inputs are false, the output is false. {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" |- |<math>A \land B</math> | <math>\Rightarrow</math> |<math>A \lor B</math> |- |[[File:Venn0001.svg|60px]] | <math>\Rightarrow</math> |[[File:Venn0111.svg|50px]] |- |{{small|(to be tested)}} | | |} '''[[Hadamard transform|Walsh spectrum]]: (1,-1,-1,1)''' '''Non[[Linear#Boolean functions|linearity]]: 1''' (the function is [[bent function|bent]]) If using [[binary numeral system|binary]] values for true (1) and false (0), then ''logical conjunction'' works exactly like normal arithmetic [[multiplication]].
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