Editing Lydian language (section)

===Nouns===
Nouns and adjectives distinguish [[grammatical number|singular and plural]] forms. Words in the texts are predominantly singular. Plural forms are scarce, and a [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] has not been found in Lydian. There are two [[grammatical gender|genders]]: animate (or 'common') and inanimate (or 'neuter'). Only three cases are securely attested: [[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], and [[dative case|dative]]-[[locative case|locative]]. A [[genitive case]] seems to be present in the plural, but in the singular usually a so-called [[possessive]] is used instead, which is similar to the [[Luwic languages]]: a suffix -li is added to the root of a substantive, and thus an adjective is formed that is declined in turn. However, recently it has been defended that a form ending in -l, formerly thought to be an "endingless" variant of the possessive, was indeed a genitive singular.<ref name="YakubovichInscr22">{{cite journal |last1=Yakubovich |first1=Ilya |title=An agreement between the Sardians and the Mermnads in the Lydian language? |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=2017 |volume=122 |pages=265–293 |doi=10.1515/if-2017-0014 |s2cid=171633908 }}</ref> Of an [[ablative case]] there are only a few uncertain examples.

Nouns, adjectives, and pronomina are all declined according to a similar paradigm:{{sfn|Gusmani|1964|p={{pn|date=July 2022}}}}<ref name="gusmani1980">{{cite book |last1=Gusmani |first1=Roberto |title=Lydisches Wörterbuch. Ergänzungsband, Lieferung 1-3 |date=1980–1986 |publisher=Carl Winter Universitätsverlag |location=Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-533-02929-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/gusmani-lydisches-worterbuch-2nd-edition-1980/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Sasseville2017">{{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |title=The Lydian nominal paradigm of i-mutation |journal=Indo-European Linguistics |date=2017 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=130–146 |doi=10.1163/22125892-00501002 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Case
! animate !! inanimate
! animate !! inanimate
|-
| Nominative
| -š, -s
| rowspan="2" | -d (-t)
| -(a)š (?)
| rowspan="2" | -a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))
|-
| Accusative
| -ñ (-n)
| -(a)s, -(a)š (?)
|-
| Dative-Locative
| colspan="2" | -λ
| colspan="2" | -añ (-an) (?)
|-
| Genitive
| colspan="2" | -l (?);<br>(Possessive:) -lis, -liñ, -lid,...
| colspan="2" | -añ (?)
|-
| Ablative
| colspan="2" | -d (-t)
| colspan="2" | ?
|}

==== Substantives ====
Examples of substantives:{{sfn|Gusmani|1964|p={{pn|date=July 2022}}}}<ref name="gusmani1980" />

{| class="wikitable"
|  || || ciw- || astrko- || artimu- || || mru- || anlola-
|-
|  || || = god || = patron:<br>Lord, Lady || = Artemis || || = stele || = funeral stele
|-
! Case
! colspan="4" align="center" | (animate)
! colspan="3" align="center" | (inanimate)
|-
| Nominative Singular || -š, -s || ciw'''š''' || ast(u)rko'''s''' || artimu'''s''' || rowspan="2" | -d (-t) || mru'''d''' ||
|-
| Accusative Singular || -ñ (-n) || ciw'''ñ''' ||  || artimu'''ñ''' || mru'''d''' || 
|-
| Dative-Locative Sing. || -λ || || astrko'''λ''' || artimu'''λ''' || -λ || mru'''λ''' ||
|-
| Genitive Singular || -l (?) || ||  || artimu'''l''' || -l (?) ||  ||
|-
| Ablative Singular || -d (-t) || ciw'''ad''' (?) || astrko'''t''' (?) ||  || -d (-t) || ||
|-
| Nom./Acc. Plural || -aš, -as (?) ||  ||  ||  || -a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?)) || || anlol'''a'''
|-
| Dative-Locative Plural || -añ (?) || ciw'''añ''' ||  ||  || -añ (?) || || anlol'''añ'''
|}

==== Adjectives ====
Examples of adjectives:{{sfn|Gusmani|1964|p={{pn|date=July 2022}}}}<ref name="gusmani1980" /><ref name="Sasseville2017" />

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Case
!
! aλa-<br>{{nobold|other}}
! wissi-, wiswi-{{efn|including ''<u>ni</u>wissi-, <u>ni</u>wiswi-'' {{=}} '<u>not</u> good: bad'.}}<br>{{nobold|good}}
! ipsimši-<br>{{nobold|Ephesian}}
! sfardẽti-<br>{{nobold|Sardian}}{{efn|inhabitant of Sardis.}}
! pakiwali-<br>{{nobold|Pakiwas's}}{{efn|Pakiwas is a person's name.}}
|-
|rowspan=2| Nominative animate
| singular
| -š, -s || aλa'''s''' || wissi'''š''' || ipsimši'''š''' || sfardẽti'''š''' || pakiwali'''š'''
|-
| plural
| -(a)š (?) ||  ||  ||  || sfardẽn'''τ''' {{efn|note that τ (/tʃ/) is written instead of t + š (/t/ + /ʃ/).}} ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Nom./Acc. inanimate
| singular
| -d (-t) || aλa'''d''' || wiswi'''d''' ||   ||  || pakiwali'''d'''
|-
| plural
| -a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?)) ||  || (ni)wisw'''a''' ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Dative-Locative
| singular
| -λ || aλa'''λ''' || (ni)wisl'''λ''' ||  ipsiml'''λ''' || sfardẽt'''λ''' || pakiwal'''λ'''
|-
| plural
| -añ (-an) (?) || aλ'''ẽñ''' (?) ||  ||   || sfardẽt'''añ''' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Genitive Plural
| -añ (?) ||  ||  || ipsimñ'''añ''' ||  ||
|}
{{notelist}}

==== Pronomina ====
Examples of pronomina:{{sfn|Gusmani|1964|p={{pn|date=July 2022}}}}<ref name="gusmani1980" />

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=4|
! ẽmi- <br>{{nobold|my, mine}}
! pili- <br>{{nobold|his}}
! eš- <br>{{nobold|this}}
! qi- <br>{{nobold|who, which}}
|-
!colspan=3| Case
!
!colspan=2| (personal)
! (demonstrative)
! (relative, interrogative)
|-
| Nominative
| singular
| animate
| -š, -s || ẽmi'''š''' || pili'''š''' || es'''s''' (e'''s''', e'''š''') || qi'''š''' (qe'''š''', qy'''š''')
|-
| Accusative
| singular
| animate
| -ñ (-n) || ẽm'''ñ''' || pil'''ñ''' || eš'''ñ''' (eš'''n''') || q'''ñ'''
|-
|rowspan=3| Nom./Acc.
| singular
| inanimate
| -d (-t) ||  ||  || eš'''t''' || qi'''d''' (qe'''d''', qy'''d''')
|-
|rowspan=2| plural
| animate
| -aš, -as (?) || ẽmin'''aš''' (?) || pilin'''aš''' ||  || 
|-
| inanimate
| -a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?)) || ẽmin'''añ''' (?) || pilin'''añ''' ||  || qid'''a''' (?)
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| Dative-Locative
| singular
| -λ || ẽm'''λ''' || pil'''λ''' || eš'''λ''' || q'''λ'''
|-
| plural
| -añ (-an) (?) ||  ||  || eš'''ñañ''' (?) ||
|-
|colspan=2| Genitive
| singular
| -l (?) ||  || pi'''l''' ||  || 
|}