Editing Maned wolf (section)

==Relations with other species==
The maned wolf participates in [[symbiotic]] relationships. It contributes to the propagation and dissemination of the plants on which it feeds, through excretion. Often, maned wolves defecate on the nests of [[leafcutter ant]]s. The ants then use the dung to fertilize their fungus gardens, but they discard the seeds contained in the dung onto refuse piles just outside their nests. This process significantly increases the germination rate of the seeds.

Maned wolves suffer from ticks, mainly of the genus ''[[Amblyomma]]'', and by flies such as ''[[Cochliomyia hominivorax]]'' usually on the ears.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dietz|first=James M.|date=1984|title=Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'')|journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology|issue=392|pages=1–51|doi=10.5479/si.00810282.392|issn=0081-0282}}</ref> The maned wolf is poorly parasitized by fleas. The sharing of territory with domestic dogs results in a number of diseases, such as [[rabies virus]], [[Parvoviridae|parvovirus]], [[Canine distemper|distemper]], [[Infectious canine hepatitis|canine adenovirus]], protozoan ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'', bacterium ''[[Leptospira interrogans]]'', and nematode ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deem|first1=Sharon L.|last2=Emmons|first2=Louise H.|date=June 2005|journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine|volume=36|issue=2|pages=192–197|doi=10.1638/04-076.1|title=Exposure of Free-Ranging Maned Wolves (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'') to Infectious and Parasitic Disease Agents in the Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia|pmid=17323558|s2cid=36976401}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The maned wolf is particularly susceptible to potentially fatal infection by the [[Dioctophyme renale|giant kidney worm]]. Ingestion of the wolf apple could prevent maned wolves from contracting this nematode, but such a hypothesis has been questioned by several authors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Courtenay |first=O. |year=1994 |title=Conservation of the Maned Wolf: fruitful relationships in a changing environment |journal=Canid News |volume=2 |url=http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/CNDNEWS2/manedwf2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301171019/http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/CNDNEWS2/manedwf2.htm |archive-date=2004-03-01 }}</ref>

It is preyed upon mostly by large cats, such as the [[Cougar|puma]] (''Puma concolor'') and more commonly the [[jaguar]] (''Panthera onca'').<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology and conservation of wild felids|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Macdonald, David W. (David Whyte), Loveridge, Andrew J.|isbn=978-0-19-157414-6|location=Oxford [England]|oclc=746005082}}</ref>

===Humans===
Generally, the maned wolf is shy and flees when alarmed, so it poses little direct threat to humans. Popularly, the maned wolf is thought to have the potential of being a [[chicken]] thief. It once was considered a similar threat to [[cattle]], [[sheep]], and [[pigs]],<ref name="auto"/> although this now is known to be false.
Historically, in a few parts of Brazil, these animals were hunted for some body parts, notably the eyes, that were believed to be good-luck charms.
Since its classification as a [[vulnerable species]] by the Brazilian government, it has received greater consideration and protection.

They are threatened by [[habitat loss]] and being run over by automobiles. Feral and domestic dogs pass on diseases to them, and have been known to attack them.

The species occurs in several protected areas, including the national parks of Caraça and [[Emas National Park|Emas]] in Brazil. The maned wolf is well represented in captivity, and has been bred successfully at many zoos,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maned wolf - Chrysocyon brachyurus |website=Zootierliste |url=http://zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=1&ordnung=115&familie=11509&art=1120109}}</ref> particularly in Argentina, North America (part of a [[Species Survival Plan]]) and Europe (part of a [[European Endangered Species Programme]]). In 2012, a total of 3,288 maned wolves were kept at more than 300 institutions worldwide.<ref name=holland2013>{{cite book |last=Holland |first=R. |editor1-last=Conserot-McCrea |editor1-first=A. G. |editor2-last=Santos |editor2-first=E. F. |year=2013 |title=Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary perspectives |chapter=The Maned Wolf ''ex situ'' Worldwide |isbn=978-1-4665-1259-7 | oclc=861926329 |pages=53–62|publisher=CRC Press }}</ref> The [[Smithsonian National Zoo Park]] has been working to protect maned wolves for nearly 30 years, and coordinates the collaborative, interzoo maned wolf Species Survival Plan of North America, which includes breeding maned wolves, studying them in the wild, protecting their habitat, and educating people about them.<ref name="Maned Wolf Facts"/>

====Hunting====
The practice of hunting maned wolves is historically poorly documented, but it is speculated to be relatively frequent. This is partly because during the [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish colonization]] of [[South America]], Europeans projected onto the maned wolf the historical aversion they had towards [[Iberian wolf|Iberian wolves]], and their reputation for [[Domestic sheep predation|eating sheep]] and other domestic animals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Maria Angeles |date=2016-02-12 |title=El lobo de crin: salvar al cánido de nombre desafortunado de Suramérica |url=http://es.mongabay.com/2016/02/el-lobo-de-crin-salvar-al-canido-de-nombre-desafortunado-de-suramerica/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Noticias ambientales |language=es}}</ref> Although the species is now seen in a better light, many people still consider it a potential risk to domestic birds and children.

In Brazil, the impacts of hunting on the species are better known than in Argentina, as is the impact of predation on domestic birds, which engenders retaliation from farmers.<ref name="icmbio">{{cite web|url=https://www.icmbio.gov.br/cenap/images/stories/Guia_Pr%C3%A1tico_Conviv%C3%AAncia-Predadores_e_Animais_Dom%C3%A9sticos.pdf|author1=Silvio Marchini|author2=Sandra Cavalcanti|author3=Rogério Cunha de Paula|date=2011-05-16|title=Predadores Silvestres e Animais Domésticos – Guia Prático de Convivência|access-date=2024-09-19}}</ref> The species is also accused of attacking sheep, which increases human animosity. In Brazil, people also aimed to prevent these animals from attacking chickens, using a Brazilian variant of the [[Portuguese Podengo|Portuguese podengo]], called the ''Brazilian podengo'' or ''Crioulo podengo''.{{cn|date=September 2024}}