Editing Manhattan Project (section)

== Project sites ==
{{Location map+|USA|alt=Map of the United States and southern Canada with major project sites marked map|width=1000|float=center|caption=A selection of US and Canadian sites important to the Manhattan Project. Research and production took place at more than thirty sites across the US, the UK, and Canada. Click on the location for more information. {{bulleted list|Purple: [[Fissile material]] production|Orange: [[Manhattan Project feed materials program|Feed materials production]]|Green: Research|Black: Logistics/other}} |places=

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg= 35
|lat_min=52
|lon_deg= -106
|lon_min=-19
|label=[[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] {{small|[[Project Y]]}}
|marksize=14
|background=
|position=right
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg= 33
|lat_min=40
|lon_deg= -106
|lon_min=-28
|label=[[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]] {{small|[[Trinity test]]}}
|background=
|position=right
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=46
|lat_min=35
|lon_deg=-119
|lon_min=-27
|label=[[Richland, Washington|Richland]]<br>{{small|[[Hanford Engineer Works]]}}
|marksize=14
|label_width=15
|background=#fefee9
|position=bottom
|mark=Purple pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=36
|lat_min=0
|lon_deg=-84
|lon_min=-16
|label=[[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]]<br>{{small|[[Clinton Engineer Works]]}}
|marksize=14
|label_width=15
|background=#fefee9
|position=top
|mark=Purple pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=37
|lat_min=52
|lon_deg=-122
|lon_min=-15
|label=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]<br>{{small|[[Berkeley Radiation Laboratory|Radiation Laboratory]]}}
|label_width=15
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=41
|lat_min=42
|lon_deg=-87
|lon_min=-54
|label=[[Chicago]] {{small|[[Metallurgical Laboratory]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=42
|lat_min=1
|lon_deg=-93
|lon_min=-38
|label={{small|[[Ames Project]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=39
|lat_min=43
|lon_deg=-84
|lon_min=-10
|label={{small|[[Dayton Project]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=45
|lat_min=30
|lon_deg=-73
|lon_min=-36
|label={{small|[[Montreal Laboratory]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=46
|lat_min=3
|lon_deg=-77
|lon_min=-21
|label={{small|[[Chalk River Laboratories]]}}
|background=
|position=left
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=35
|lat_min=38
|lon_deg=-117
|lon_min=-48
|label=[[Inyokern, California|Inyokern]] {{small|[[Project Camel]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Black pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=37
|lat_min=52
|lon_deg=-109
|lon_min=-20
|label=[[Monticello, Utah|Monticello]]<br>{{small|[[Vanadium Corporation of America|Vanadium Corp.]]}}
|label_width=15
|background=
|position=left
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=38
|lat_min=22
|lon_deg=-108
|lon_min=-44
|label=[[Uravan, Colorado|Uravan]]<br>{{small|[[Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation|US Vanadium Corp.]]}}
|label_width=15
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=40
|lat_min=43
|lon_deg=-114
|lon_min=-1
|label=[[Wendover AFB|Wendover]] {{small|[[Project Alberta]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Black pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=49
|lat_min=05
|lon_deg=-117
|lon_min=-42
|label=[[Trail, British Columbia|Trail]]<br>{{small|[[Cominco]]}}
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=39
|lat_min=51
|lon_deg=-87
|lon_min=-26
|label={{small|[[Wabash River Ordnance Works]]}}
|label_width=9
|background=
|position=left
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=39
|lat_min=38
|lon_deg=-79
|lon_min=-57
|label={{small|[[P-9 Project|Morgantown Ordnance Works]]}}
|label_width=8
|background=
|position=bottom
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=33
|lat_min=20
|lon_deg=-86
|lon_min=-20
|label={{small|[[Alabama Army Ammunition Plant|Alabama Ordnance Works]]}}
|label_width=15
|background=
|position=top
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=41
|lat_min=29
|lon_deg=-81
|lon_min=-41
|label=[[Cleveland]]<br>{{small|[[National Carbon Company]]}}
|label_width=12
|background=
|position=right
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=38
|lat_min=37
|lon_deg=-90
|lon_min=-11
|label=[[St Louis]]<br>{{small|[[Mallinckrodt]]}}
|label_width=6
|background=
|position=bottom
|mark=Orange pog.svg}}

{{Location map~
|USA
|lat_deg=43
|lat_min=7
|lon_deg=-77
|lon_min=-37
|label=[[University of Rochester|Rochester]]<br>{{small|[[Strong Memorial Hospital|Medical Section]]}}
|label_width=15
|background=
|position=right
|mark=Green pog.svg}}

}}

=== Oak Ridge ===
{{Main|Clinton Engineer Works}}
[[File:Y-12 Shift Change.jpg|thumb|Shift change at the Y-12 uranium enrichment facility at the [[Clinton Engineer Works]] in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], on 11 August 1945. By May 1945, 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works.<ref name="Johnson & Jackson pp. 168–169" /> Photograph by the Manhattan District photographer [[Ed Westcott]].|alt=Workers, mostly women, pour out of a cluster of buildings. A billboard exhorts them to "Make C.E.W. COUNT continue to protect project information!"]]
The day after he took over the project, Groves went to Tennessee with Colonel Marshall to inspect the proposed site there, and Groves was impressed.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=116–117}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Groves|1962|pp=25–26}}.</ref> On 29 September 1942, [[United States Under Secretary of War]] [[Robert P. Patterson]] authorized the Corps of Engineers to acquire {{convert|56000|acre|ha}} of land by [[eminent domain]] at a cost of $3.5&nbsp;million. An additional {{convert|3000|acre|ha}} was subsequently acquired. About 1,000 families were affected by the order, which came into effect on 7 October.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|p=78}}.</ref> Protests, legal appeals, and a 1943 Congressional inquiry were to no avail.<ref name="Johnson & Jackson, pp. 39-43">{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|pp=39–43}}.</ref> By mid-November [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]] were posting notices to vacate on farmhouse doors, and construction contractors were moving in.<ref name="Fine&Remington, pp. 663-664">{{harvnb|Fine|Remington|1972|pp=663–664}}.</ref> Some families were given two weeks' notice to vacate farms that had been their homes for generations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review, Vol. 25, Nos. 3 and 4, 2002 |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml |publisher=ornl.gov |access-date=9 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825162412/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml |archive-date=25 August 2009}}</ref> The ultimate cost of the land acquisition, which was not completed until March 1945, was only about $2.6&nbsp;million—around $47 an acre.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=327–328}}.</ref> When presented with a proclamation declaring Oak Ridge a total exclusion area that no one could enter without military permission, the [[Governor of Tennessee]], [[Prentice Cooper]], angrily tore it up.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|p=49}}.</ref>

Initially known as the Kingston Demolition Range, the site was officially renamed the [[Clinton Engineer Works]] (CEW) in early 1943.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|p=8}}.</ref> While Stone & Webster concentrated on the production facilities, the architectural and engineering firm [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] developed a residential community for 13,000. The community was located on the slopes of Black Oak Ridge, from which the new town of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]] got its name.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|pp=14–17}}.</ref> The Army presence at Oak Ridge increased in August 1943 when Nichols replaced Marshall as head of the Manhattan Engineer District. One of his first tasks was to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge, although the name of the district did not change.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|p=88}}.</ref> In September 1943 the administration of community facilities was outsourced to [[Turner Construction Company]] through a subsidiary, the Roane-Anderson Company.<ref name="Roane-Anderson">{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=443–446}}.</ref> Chemical engineers were part of "frantic efforts" to make 10% to 12% enriched uranium 235, with tight security and fast approvals for supplies and materials.<ref>William J. (Bill) Wilcox Jr., Oak Ridge City Historian, Retired Technical Director for the Oak Ridge Y-12 & K-25 Plants, 11 November 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042228/http://www.oakridgeheritage.com/images/Early_Days_of_Oak_Ridge_and_Wartime_Y-12.pdf Early Days of Oak Ridge and Wartime Y-12], Retrieved 22 November 2014</ref> The population of Oak Ridge soon expanded well beyond the initial plans, and peaked at 75,000 in May 1945, by which time 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works,<ref name="Johnson & Jackson pp. 168–169">{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|pp=168–169}}.</ref> and 10,000 by Roane-Anderson.<ref name="Roane-Anderson" />

=== Los Alamos ===
{{Main|Project Y}}
[[File:Los Alamos map.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of Los Alamos site, New Mexico, 1943–1945]]
The idea of locating Project Y at Oak Ridge was considered, but it was decided that it should be in a remote location. On Oppenheimer's recommendation, the search for a suitable site was narrowed to the vicinity of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], where Oppenheimer owned a ranch.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=83–84}}.</ref> On 16 November 1942, Oppenheimer, Groves, Dudley and others toured the vicinity of the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]]. Oppenheimer expressed a strong preference for the site, citing its natural beauty, which, it was hoped, would inspire those working on the project.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Remington|1972|pp=664–665}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lanl.gov/history/road/school-arsenal.shtml |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |title=50th Anniversary Article: Oppenheimer's Better Idea: Ranch School Becomes Arsenal of Democracy |access-date=6 April 2011}}</ref> The engineers were concerned about the poor access road, and whether the water supply would be adequate, but otherwise felt that it was ideal.<ref>{{harvnb|Groves|1962|pp=66–67}}.</ref>

Patterson approved the acquisition of the site on 25 November 1942, authorizing $440,000 for the purchase of pre-calculated {{convert|54000|acre|ha}}, all but {{convert|8900|acre|ha}} of which were already owned by the Federal Government.<ref name="Jones, pp. 328-331">{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=328–331}}.</ref> [[Secretary of Agriculture]] [[Claude R. Wickard]] granted about {{convert|45000|acre|ha}} of [[United States Forest Service]] land to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] "for so long as the military necessity continues".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lanl.gov/history/road/pdf/4-8-43.pdf |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |title=Secretary of Agriculture granting use of land for Demolition Range |date=8 April 1943 |access-date=6 April 2011}}</ref> Wartime land purchases eventually came to {{convert|49383|acre|ha}}, but only $414,971 was spent.<ref name=AHF>{{cite web |url=https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/civilian-displacement-los-alamos-nm/ |title=Civilian Displacement: Los Alamos, NM |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017-07-26 |publisher=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> Work commenced in December 1942. Groves initially allocated $300,000 for construction, three times Oppenheimer's estimate, but by the time Sundt{{efn|M.M. Sundt Construction Co., the general contractor and construction company responsible for Los Alamos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.sundt.com/about-us/history/#1943 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Construction Company & General Contractor {{!}} Sundt |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundt Corp. {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/sundt-corp |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>}} finished on 30 November 1943, over $7&nbsp;million had been spent.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunner|2004|pp=31–32}}.</ref>

During the war, Los Alamos was referred to as "Site Y" or "the Hill".<ref>{{harvnb|Hunner|2004|p=29}}.</ref> Initially it was to have been a military laboratory with Oppenheimer and other researchers commissioned into the Army, but [[Robert Bacher]] and [[Isidor Rabi]] balked at the idea and convinced Oppenheimer that other scientists would object. Conant, Groves, and Oppenheimer then devised a compromise whereby the laboratory was operated by the University of California under contract to the War Department.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=230–232}}.</ref> [[Dorothy McKibbin]] ran the branch office in Santa Fe, where she met new arrivals and issue them with passes.{{sfn|Conant|2005|pp=58–61}}

=== Chicago ===
{{Main|Metallurgical Laboratory}}
[[File:ChicagoPileTeam.png|thumb|Some of the [[University of Chicago]] team that worked on the [[Chicago Pile-1]], the first nuclear reactor, including [[Enrico Fermi]] and [[Walter Zinn]] in the front row and [[Harold Agnew]], [[Leona Woods]] and [[Leó Szilárd]] in the second]]
An Army-OSRD council on 25 June 1942 decided to build a [[pilot plant]] for plutonium production in the [[Palos Forest Preserves|Argonne Forest preserve]], southwest of Chicago. This was designated [[Site A]]. In July, Nichols arranged for a lease of {{convert|1025|acre|ha}} from the [[Cook County Forest Preserve District]], and Captain James F. Grafton was appointed Chicago area engineer. It soon became apparent that the scale of operations was too great for the area, and it was decided to build the pilot plant at Oak Ridge and keep a research and testing facility in Chicago.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=67–71}}.</ref><ref name="Red Gate Woods" />

Delays in establishing the plant at Site A led [[Arthur Compton]] to authorize the Metallurgical Laboratory to construct the first nuclear reactor beneath the [[bleacher]]s of [[Stagg Field]] at the University of Chicago. The reactor required an enormous amount of highly purified [[graphite]] blocks and uranium in both metallic and powdered oxide forms. At the time, there was a limited source of pure [[uranium]] metal; [[Frank Spedding]] of [[Iowa State University]] was able to produce only two [[short ton]]s. Three short tons was supplied by [[Westinghouse Lamp Plant]], produced in a rush with makeshift process. A large square balloon was constructed by [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire]] to encase the reactor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FRONTIERS Research Highlights 1946–1996|publisher=Office of Public Affairs, Argonne National Laboratory|page=11|osti=770687|doi=10.2172/770687|year=1996|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc725589/m2/1/high_res_d/770687.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Walsh|first=John|title=A Manhattan Project Postscript|journal=Science|date=19 June 1981|volume=212|pages=1369–1371|url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0533/ML053340429.pdf|access-date=23 March 2013|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.212.4501.1369|pmid=17746246|issue=4501|bibcode= 1981Sci...212.1369W}}</ref>

On 2 December 1942, a team led by Enrico Fermi initiated the first artificial{{efn|[[Natural nuclear fission reactor|Natural self-sustaining nuclear reactions]] have occurred in the earth's crust in the very distant past.<ref>{{harvnb|Libby|1979|pp=214–216}}.</ref>}} self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in an experimental reactor known as [[Chicago Pile-1]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)|url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml|publisher=Argonne National Laboratory; U.S. Department of Energy|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> The point at which a reaction becomes self-sustaining became known as "going critical". Compton reported the success to Conant in Washington, D.C., by a coded phone call, saying, "The Italian navigator [Fermi] has just landed in the new world."<ref>{{harvnb|Compton|1956|p=144}}.</ref>{{efn|The allusion here is to the Italian navigator [[Christopher Columbus]], who reached the Caribbean in 1492.}}

In January 1943, Grafton's successor, Major [[Arthur V. Peterson]], ordered Chicago Pile-1 dismantled and reassembled at the Site A in the forest preserve, as he regarded the operation of a reactor as too hazardous for a densely populated area.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=195–196}}.</ref> Site A continued scientific research as a secret extension of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the university. [[Chicago Pile-3]], the first heavy water reactor, also went critical at this site, on 15 May 1944.{{sfn|Holl|Hewlett|Harris|1997|p=428}}<ref name="fermi">{{cite journal |last=Fermi |first=Enrico |title=The Development of the first chain reaction pile |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] |year=1946 |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=20–24 |jstor=3301034}}</ref> After the war, operations at Site A were moved about {{convert|6|mi}} to [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage County]], the current location of the [[Argonne National Laboratory]].<ref name="Red Gate Woods">{{cite web |url=http://www.lm.doe.gov/SiteA_PlotM/fact_sheet_site_a.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026070527/http://www.lm.doe.gov/SiteA_PlotM/fact_sheet_site_a.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2014 |title=Site A/Plot M, Illinois, Decommissioned Reactor Site Fact Sheet |access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Hanford ===
{{Main|Hanford Engineer Works}}
By December 1942 there were concerns that even Oak Ridge was too close to a major population center (Knoxville) in the unlikely event of a major nuclear accident. Groves recruited [[DuPont]] in November 1942 to be the prime contractor for the construction of the plutonium production complex. The President of the company, [[Walter S. Carpenter Jr.]], wanted no profit of any kind; for legal reasons a nominal fee of one dollar was agreed upon.<ref>{{harvnb|Groves|1962|pp=58–59}}.</ref>

[[File:Hanford workers.jpg|thumb|Hanford workers collect their paychecks at the Western Union office.|alt=A large crowd of sullen looking workmen at a counter where two women are writing. Some of the workmen are wearing identify photographs of themselves on their hats.]]
DuPont recommended that the site be located far from the existing uranium production facility at Oak Ridge.<ref>{{harvnb|Groves|1962|pp=68–69}}.</ref> In December 1942, Groves dispatched Colonel [[Franklin Matthias]] and DuPont engineers to scout potential sites. Matthias reported that [[Hanford Site]] near [[Richland, Washington]], was "ideal in virtually all respects". It was isolated and near the [[Columbia River]], which could supply sufficient water to cool the reactors. Groves visited the site in January and established the Hanford Engineer Works (HEW), codenamed "Site W".<ref name="Jones 1987 108–111" />

Under Secretary Patterson gave his approval on 9 February, allocating $5&nbsp;million for the acquisition of {{convert|430000|acre|ha}}. The federal government relocated some 1,500 residents of nearby settlements, as well as the [[Wanapum]] and other tribes using the area. A dispute arose with farmers over compensation for crops, which had already been planted. Where schedules allowed, the Army allowed the crops to be harvested, but this was not always possible.<ref name="Jones 1987 108–111">{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=108–111}}.</ref> The land acquisition process dragged on and was not completed before the end of the Manhattan Project in December 1946.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|p=342}}.</ref>

The dispute did not delay work. Although progress on the reactor design at Metallurgical Laboratory and DuPont was not sufficiently advanced to accurately predict the scope of the project, a start was made in April 1943 on facilities for an estimated 25,000 workers, half of whom were expected to live on-site. By July 1944, some 1,200 buildings had been erected and nearly 51,000 people were living in the construction camp. As area engineer, Matthias exercised overall control of the site.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=452–457}}.</ref> At its peak, the construction camp was the third most populous town in Washington state.<ref>{{harvnb|Thayer|1996|p=16}}.</ref> Hanford operated a fleet of over 900 buses, more than the city of Chicago.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|p=401}}.</ref> Like Los Alamos and Oak Ridge, Richland was a gated community with restricted access, but it looked more like a typical wartime American boomtown: the military profile was lower, and physical security elements like high fences and guard dogs were less evident.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=463–464}}.</ref>

=== Canadian sites ===
{{Main|Montreal Laboratory}}

Canada provided research, extraction and production of uranium and plutonium, and Canadian scientists worked at Los Alamos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission |first=Canadian Nuclear Safety |title=Canada's historical role in developing nuclear weapons |url=https://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/resources/fact-sheets/canadas-contribution-to-nuclear-weapons-development/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Tyler |last=Dawson |title=Canada's contributions to the atomic bomb developed by Oppenheimer |newspaper=National Post |date=24 July 2023 |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-atomic-bomb-oppenheimer |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>

==== British Columbia ====
[[Cominco]] had produced electrolytic hydrogen at [[Trail, British Columbia]], since 1930. Urey suggested in 1941 that it could produce heavy water. To the existing $10&nbsp;million plant consisting of 3,215 cells consuming 75&nbsp;MW of hydroelectric power, secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2.3% to 99.8%. For this process, [[Hugh Stott Taylor|Hugh Taylor]] of Princeton developed a platinum-on-carbon [[catalyst]] for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel-[[chromium(III) oxide|chromia]] one for the fourth stage tower. The final cost was $2.8&nbsp;million. The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942. Trail's heavy water production started in January 1944 and continued until 1956. Heavy water from Trail was used for [[Chicago Pile 3]], the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium, which went critical on 15 May 1944.<ref name="Waltham, pp. 8-9">{{harvnb|Waltham|2002|pp=8–9}}.</ref>

==== Ontario ====
The [[Chalk River Laboratories|Chalk River, Ontario]], site was established to rehouse the Allied effort at the [[Montreal Laboratory]] away from an urban area. A new community was built at [[Deep River, Ontario]], to provide residences and facilities for the team members. The site was chosen for its proximity to the industrial manufacturing area of Ontario and Quebec, and proximity to a rail head adjacent to a large military base, [[Camp Petawawa]]. Located on the Ottawa River, it had access to abundant water. The first director of the new laboratory was [[Hans von Halban]]. He was replaced by John Cockcroft in May 1944, who was succeeded by [[Bennett Lewis]] in September 1946. A pilot reactor known as [[ZEEP]] (zero-energy experimental pile) became the first Canadian reactor, and the first to be completed outside the United States, when it went critical in September 1945; ZEEP remained in use by researchers until 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/zeep.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306233719/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/zeep.cfm |archive-date=6 March 2014 |title=ZEEP – Canada's First Nuclear Reactor |publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museum}}</ref> A larger 10&nbsp;MW [[NRX]] reactor, which was designed during the war, was completed and went critical in July 1947.<ref name="Waltham, pp. 8-9" />

==== Northwest Territories ====
The [[Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)|Eldorado Mine]] at [[Port Radium]] was a source of uranium ore.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=8, 62}}.</ref>

=== Heavy water sites ===
{{Main|P-9 Project}}
Although DuPont's preferred designs for the nuclear reactors were helium cooled and used graphite as a moderator, DuPont still expressed an interest in using heavy water as a backup. The ''[[P-9 Project]]'' was the government's codename for the heavy water production program. It was estimated that {{convert|3|ST}} of heavy water would be required per month. The plant at Trail, then under construction, could produce {{convert|0.5|ST}} per month. Groves therefore authorized DuPont to establish heavy water facilities at the Morgantown Ordnance Works, near [[Morgantown, West Virginia]]; at the [[Newport Chemical Depot|Wabash River Ordnance Works]], near [[Dana, Indiana|Dana]] and [[Newport, Indiana]]; and at the [[Alabama Army Ammunition Plant|Alabama Ordnance Works]], near [[Childersburg, Alabama|Childersburg]] and [[Sylacauga, Alabama]]. Although known as Ordnance Works and paid for under [[Ordnance Department]] contracts, they were built and operated by the Army Corps of Engineers. The American plants used a process different from Trail's; heavy water was extracted by distillation, taking advantage of the slightly higher boiling point of heavy water.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=107–108}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=201–202}}.</ref>