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Matins
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====20th-century changes==== Matins underwent profound changes in the 20th century. The first of these changes was the [[reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X]] in 1911, resulting in what [[Pope Paul VI]] called "a new Breviary".<ref name=Laudis>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19701101_laudis-canticum_lt.html Apostolic Constitution ''Laudis Canticum'']</ref> The reservation of Psalms 1-108/109 to matins and the consecutive order within that group were abandoned, and, apart from the invitatory psalm, which continued in its place at matins every day, no psalm was ordinarily repeated within the same week. To facilitate an even distribution among the days of the week, the longer psalms were divided into shorter portions, as only the very long Psalm 118/119 had been previously. Matins no longer had 18 psalms on Sundays, 12 on ordinary days and 9 on the more important feasts: on every day it had 9 psalms, either distributed among three nocturns or recited all together, maintaining the distinction between celebrations as three nocturns with nine readings (including Sundays) and those arranged as a single nocturn with only three readings.<ref name=PiusV&X/> In 1947, [[Pope Pius XII]] entrusted examination of the whole question of the Breviary to a commission which conducted a worldwide consultation of the Catholic bishops. He authorized recitation of the psalms in a new Latin translation and in 1955 ordered a simplification of the rubrics.<ref name=Laudis/> In 1960, [[Pope John XXIII]] issued his ''[[Code of Rubrics]]'', which assigned nine-readings matins only to first-class and second-class feasts and therefore reduced the readings of Sunday matins to three.<ref>[http://divinumofficium.com/www/horas/Help/Rubrics/Breviary%201960.html 1960 Code of Rubrics, 161β163]</ref> In 1970, [[Pope Paul VI]] published a revised form of the [[Liturgy of the Hours]], in which the psalms were arranged in a four-week instead of a one-week cycle, but the variety of other texts was greatly increased, in particular the scriptural and patristic readings, while the hagiographical readings were purged of non-historical legendary content.<ref>''Laudis canticum'', criteria 3β7</ref> What had previously been called matins was given the name of "Office of Readings" ''(Officium lectionis'' and was declared appropriate for celebrating at any hour, while preserving its nocturnal character for those who wished to celebrate a vigil.<ref>''Laudis canticum'', criterion 2</ref> For that purpose alternative hymns are provided and an appendix contains material, in particular canticles and readings from the Gospels, to facilitate celebration of a vigil. The Catholic Church has thus restored to the word vigil the meaning it had in early Christianity. Pope John XIII's ''Code of Rubrics'' still used the word vigil to mean the day before a feast, but recognized the quite different character of the [[Easter Vigil]], which, "since it is not a liturgical day, is celebrated in its own way, as a night watch".<ref>[http://divinumofficium.com/www/horas/Help/Rubrics/General%20Rubrics.html#5 1960 Code of Rubrics, 28]</ref> The Roman liturgy now uses the term vigil either in this sense of "a night watch" or with regard to a [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] celebrated in the evening before a feast, not before the hour of First Vespers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlQGG3t4LUkC&dq=%22Vigil+Mass%22&pg=PT279 David I. Fulton, Mary DeTurris Poust, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Catholic Catechism: The Core Teachings of Catholicism in Plain English'' (Penguin 2008)]</ref> The psalmody of the Office of Readings consists of three psalms or portions of psalms, each with its own antiphon. These are followed by two extended readings with their responsories, the first from the [[Bible]] (but not from the Gospels), and the second being patristic, hagiographical, or magisterial. As already mentioned, a Gospel reading may optionally be added, preceded by vigil canticles, in order to celebrate a vigil. These are given in an appendix of the book of the [[Liturgy of the Hours]].<ref>''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum'', editio typica altera, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000</ref> To those who find it seriously difficult, because of their advanced age or for reasons peculiar to them, to observe the revised Liturgy of the Hours Pope Paul VI gave permission to keep using the previous Roman Breviary either in whole or in part.<ref name=Laudis/> In 2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] allowed all clergy of the [[Latin Church]] to fulfil their canonical obligations by using the 1961 ''Roman Breviary'' issued under Pope John XXIII (but not earlier editions such as that of Pius X or Pius V).<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html ''Summorum Pontificum'', art. 9 Β§3]</ref> This is done by [[traditionalist Catholic]] communities, such as the [[Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter]] and the [[Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest]].
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