Editing Micro Channel architecture (section)

==Third-party adoption==
{{Main|List of third-party Micro Channel computers}}
A number of non-PS/2 computers were manufactured between the late 1980s and early 1990s. Such third-party computers were also referred to as ''PS/2 clones'' or ''MCA clones''.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Seymour | first=Jim | date=November 15, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFs-_3jT-5kC&pg=PA77 | title=PS/2 Clones: Time to "Hedge and Straddle"? | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=7 | issue=19 | page=77 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=LaPlante | first=Alice | date=January 25, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 | title=MCA Clones Expected to Benefit IBM | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=10 | issue=4 | page=8 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The first third-party Micro Channel–based computer was [[Tandy Corporation]]'s 5000 MC in 1988.<ref name=Lewis1988>{{cite news | last=Lewis | first=Peter H. | date=August 2, 1988 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/02/science/personal-computers-tandy-tries-to-keep-things-easy.html | title=Tandy Tries to Keep Things Easy | work=The New York Times | page=C10 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130185443/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/02/science/personal-computers-tandy-tries-to-keep-things-easy.html | archivedate=January 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Abruzzese | first=George | author2=David Chartock | date=April 25, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6314938/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Tandy takes the wraps off MCA-compatible Model 80 | journal=Computer & Software News | publisher=Lebhar-Friedman | volume=6 | issue=17 | page=1 | via=Gale}}</ref><ref name=McMullen1988>{{cite journal | last=McMullen | first=John | date=August 1, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6314938/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Tandy claims major gains | journal=Computer & Software News | publisher=Lebhar-Friedman | volume=6 | issue=31 | page=1 | via=Gale}}</ref> Despite expensive research and development costs on the part of third-party manufacturers of Micro Channel computers—in part due to the expensive licensing fees incurred by [[IBM]] in order to allow legal use of the Micro Channel technology—by 1990 most MCA clones were not fully compatible with the Micro Channel architecture or expansion cards based on Micro Channel.<ref name=flunk>{{cite journal | last=Goodwin | first=Michael | author2=Karl Koessel | date=January 1990 | url=https://archive.org/details/pcworld81unse/page/105/ | title=Micro Channel Clones Flunk the Test | journal=PC World | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=98–106 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> By the time IBM was winding down the [[PS/2]] line of personal computers (which in 1987 acted as the means of introducing Micro Channel to the general public) in 1992, [[NCR Corporation]] remained the one of a few remaining committed vendors of MCA clones.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=October 20, 1992 | url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ncr_believe_in_micro_channel | title=NCR Believe in Micro Channel | journal=Computer Business Review | publisher=New Statesman Media Group | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124074750/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ncr_believe_in_micro_channel | archivedate=November 24, 2022}}</ref>