Editing Milk chocolate (section)

==Ethical issues==
Ethical issues have been intrinsically linked to chocolate in general since the early days. Many of the early chocolatiers, including Cadbury, Fry's, Rowntree's and [[Terry's]], were founded by [[Quakers]] who saw the wellbeing of their workers part of their business ethic.{{sfn|Burns Windsor|1980|page=141}} The companies were pioneers in social welfare, providing a safe working environment, high quality housing and other benefits to employees that were ahead of many of the industrial norms.{{sfn|Burns Windsor|1980|page=89–90}} Cadbury, for example, provided paid holidays, insurance and night schools for workers, as well as constructing [[Bournville]] in Birmingham, UK.{{sfn|Smith|2011|page=75}} However, the working conditions of many in the wider chocolate supply chain remained poor. [[Slavery]], and later [[Debt bondage|bonded labour]], was often employed on the plantations that provided the sugar used to make chocolate.{{sfn|Poelmans|Swinnen|2019|page=17–18}} Even after the [[Abolitionism|abolition of slavery]], the working conditions in many plantations was still poor, with [[Child labour in cocoa production|child labour being frequent]] and unreported.{{sfn|Fromm|2019|page=78}} In 1975, the first in a series of International Cocoa Agreements tried to set what were termed "fair labour conditions" and eliminate child labour.{{sfn|Meloni|Swinnen|2019|page=293}}

Rising consumer awareness, as well as greater corporate and employee interest, led to increasing voluntary action to address human rights issues.{{sfn|Meloni|Swinnen|2019|page=293–294}} Fundamental to this has been the rise of [[Fair trade certification|Fair Trade]] and [[UTZ Certified]] chocolate.{{sfn|Meloni|Swinnen|2019|page=292}} Initially launched by [[Stichting Max Havelaar]] in the Netherlands in 1988, the [[Fairtrade International|Fair Trade movement]] expanded into the mainstream in the following decades, with cocoa second to coffee in terms of sales and volume by 2011. Much of this is driven by the use of Fair Trade ingredients by major brands.{{sfn|Stenzel|2011|page=1}} For example, in Germany, major supermarket [[Lidl]] commenced promoting their own brand milk chocolate with their own Fair Trade label in 2006.{{sfn|Langen|Hartmann|2019|page=260}} Similarly, in the UK, two of the best selling milk chocolate bars, Cadburys Dairy Milk and Nestlé's Kit Kat were marketed with a Fair Trade label starting in 2009 and 2010 respectively.{{sfn|Stenzel|2011|page=1}}