Editing Miniature (illuminated manuscript) (section)

==Other traditions==
[[File:Yusef Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yusuf and Zulaikha]] ([[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] chased by [[Potiphar's wife]]), miniature by [[Behzād]], 1488.]]

Despite Islam's [[Aniconism in Islam|objections to figurative art]], Persia and the [[Persianate]] world continued what seems to have been a pre-existing tradition of book illustration, while the figurative [[Arabic miniature]] was relatively uncommon, other than figures in practical images such as diagrams. However, in [[Islamic art]] luxury manuscripts, including those of the [[Quran]] (which was never illustrated with figurative images) were often decorated with highly elaborate designs of geometric patterns, [[arabesque]]s and other elements, sometimes as border to text. This is known as "illumination".
===Arabic tradition===
{{main|Arabic miniature}} 
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Yahyâ ibn Mahmûd al-Wâsitî 005.jpg
| image2            = Irakischer Maler von 1287 001.jpg
| image3            = Kitab al-Aghani 01.jpg
| image4            = Maqamat hariri.jpg
| image5            = Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd 002.jpg
| footer            = Various examples of pages from Arabic illuminated manuscripts.
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'''Arabic miniatures''' ([[Arabic]]: الْمُنَمْنَمَات الْعَرَبِيَّة, ''Al-Munamnamāt al-ʿArabīyah'') are small [[painting]]s on [[paper]], usually book or manuscript illustrations but also sometimes separate artworks that occupy entire pages. The earliest example dates from around 690 AD, with a flourishing of the art from between 1000 and 1200 AD in the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliphate]]. The art form went through several stages of evolution while witnessing the fall and rise of several [[Caliphate|Islamic caliphates]]. Arab miniaturists absorbed [[Chinese art|Chinese]] and [[Persian art|Persian]] influences brought by the [[Mongol invasion of the Middle East|Mongol destructions]], and at last, got totally assimilated and subsequently disappeared due to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupation of the Arab world. Nearly all forms of Islamic miniatures ([[Persian miniature]]s, [[Ottoman miniature]]s and [[Mughal miniature]]s) owe their existences to Arabic miniatures, as Arab patrons were the first to demand the production of illuminated manuscripts in the Caliphate, it wasn't until the 14th century that the artistic skill reached the non-Arab regions of the Caliphate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihram |first=Danielle |title=Research Guides: Medieval Studies and Research: Manuscripts: Art & Techniques |url=https://libguides.usc.edu/MedRenMSSandRareMatStudies/artandtechniques |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=libguides.usc.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=DavidCollection>{{cite web |title=Miniature Painting |url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/materials/miniatures |publisher=The David Collection |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="MMA1933">{{cite journal |title=Islamic Miniature Painting and Book Illumination |journal=Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=October 1933 |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=166–171 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255467.pdf.bannered.pdf |access-date=2022-06-26 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406001359/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255467.pdf.bannered.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=von Bothmer|first=Hans-Caspar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/258068564 |title=Architekturbilder im Koran : eine Prachthandschrift der Umayyadenzeit aus dem Yemen |oclc=258068564}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutton |first=Yasin |date=2016 |title=Review of Qur'ans of the Umayyads: A First Overview (Leiden Studies in Islam & Society), François Déroche |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44031130 |journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=153–157 |doi=10.3366/jqs.2016.0227 |jstor=44031130 |issn=1465-3591|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">''La Peinture arabe''</ref>

Despite the considerable changes in Arabic miniature style and technique, even during their last decades, the early [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] Arab influence could still be noticed. Arabic miniature artists include [[Ismail al-Jazari]], who illustrated his own ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices,''<ref name=Jazari>al-Jazari, ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya'', transl. & anno. [[Donald Hill|Donald R. Hill]]. (1973), [[Springer Science+Business Media]].</ref> and the Abbasid artist, [[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti|Yahya Al-Wasiti]], who probably lived in [[Baghdad]] in the late Abbasid era (12th to 13th-centuries), was one of the pre-eminent exponents of the Baghdad school. In 1236-1237, he is known to have transcribed and illustrated the book, ''[[Maqamat Badi' az-Zaman al-Hamadhani|Maqamat]]'' (also known as the ''Assemblies'' or the ''Sessions''), a series of anecdotes of social satire written by [[Al-Hariri of Basra]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Baghdad school – Islamic art|encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school |access-date=2022-05-23 |publisher=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The narrative concerns the travels of a middle-aged man as he uses his charm and eloquence to swindle his way across the Arabic world.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315121970 |title=Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East |date=2017-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315121970 |isbn=978-1-315-12197-0 |editor-last=Esanu |editor-first=Octavian}}</ref>

With most surviving Arabic [[manuscript]]s in western museums,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=الكنوز الضائعة.. هكذا انتقلت أشهر المخطوطات العربية إلى مكتبات العالم المختلفة |url=https://www.sasapost.com/arabic-manuscripts-in-foreign-libraries/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=ساسة بوست}}</ref> Arabic miniatures occupy very little space in modern Arab culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thābit |first1=Mahmūd |last2=Albin |first2=Michael W. |date=1977 |title=The Tragedy of Arabic Manuscripts, (1) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29785032 |journal=MELA Notes |issue=12 |pages=16–19 |jstor=29785032 |issn=0364-2410}}</ref>

===Persian===
{{main|Persian miniature}}
[[Persian art]] has a long tradition of the use of miniatures, both for illustrated books and individual pieces, which were collected in albums (''[[muraqqa]]'').  The [[Mughal miniature]] tradition was heavily influenced by Persia, and began when a group of artists was recruited for India, miniatures having fallen into disfavour in the Persian court of [[Tahmasp I]].  [[Reza Abbasi]] (1565–1635), considered one of the most renowned Persian painters of all time, specialized in the Persian miniature, with a preference for naturalistic subjects. Today his surviving works can be found in many of the major museums of the [[Western world]], such as the [[Smithsonian]], the [[Louvre]] and the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].

In 2020, [[UNESCO]] declared the miniature art of [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]] and [[Uzbekistan]] as one of the masterpieces of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-miniature-01598 |title=Art of miniature |work=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=19 December 2020 |language=en }}</ref>

===India===
{{main|Indian miniature paintings|Mughal painting|Deccan painting}}
[[File:MET DP238217.jpg|thumb|400px|Bengal Folio Painting, early 12th century.]]
Under the patronage of [[Pala Empire|Pala Dynasty]] miniature painting was introduced in India by painting on Buddhist [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaf manuscripts]]. One of the earliest surviving examples of Buddhist illustrated palm leaf manuscripts is [[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā]] dated to 985 AD preserved in the University of Cambridge library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01464/5|title=Sanskrit Manuscripts : Prajñāpāramitāstotra, Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā|website=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref> The art of Pala illuminated manuscripts developed in Buddhist centers of [[Nalanda|Bihar]] and [[Somapura Mahavihara|Bengal]]. The Pala miniature paintings not only inspired Nepalese and Tibetan miniature paintings but also inspired Hinduism and Jainism to develop their own miniature painting traditions in later periods.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTVD4FtUHp0C&q=pala+illuminated+manuscripts&pg=PA115|title=Art of Tibet: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection|last1=Art|first1=Los Angeles County Museum of|last2=Pal|first2=Pratapaditya|last3=Richardson|first3=Hugh|date=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780875871127|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Emperor Jahangir receiving his two sons, an album-painting in gouache on paper, c 1605-06.jpg|thumb|The Emperor [[Jahangir]] receiving his two sons, an album-painting of c 1605-06]]

Mughal painting developed during the period of the [[Mughal Empire]] (16th - 18th centuries) and was generally confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums. It emerged from the Persian miniature painting tradition introduced to India by [[Mir Sayyid Ali]] and [[Abd al-Samad]] in the mid 16th century.  It soon moved away from its [[Safavid art|Safavid origins]]; with the influence of Hindu artists, colors became brighter and compositions more naturalistic. The subject matter was predominantly secular, mainly consisting of illustrations to works of literature or history, portraits of court members and studies of nature. At its height the Mughal painting style represented an elegant marriage of Persian, European, and Hindi art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh/hd_mugh.htm|title=The Art of the Mughals before 1600 {{!}} Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|author=Department of Islamic Art|website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|language=en|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>

In the Muslim [[Deccan sultanates]] miniature painting styles emerged with influence direct from Persia, and with some from existing Hindu painting. The [[Deccan painting]] style was freer and more extravagant than Mughal painting, if not as consistent in quality or naturalism.  As the Mughals conquered the sultanates over the 17th century, the artists dispersed.  A version of the Mughal style spread to princely courts, mostly Hindu, in North India, especially in [[Rajput painting]], where several different styles developed. [[Pahari painting]] covers a number of small courts in the foothills of the Himalayas, and the [[Bikaner style of painting|Bikaner style]] came from further south.  By the 18th century the Rajput courts were producing the most innovative Indian painting.

===Ottoman Empire===
{{main|Ottoman miniature}}
The tradition of the [[Ottoman Empire]] began under Persian influence, and Persian miniatures were keenly collected by the Sultans.  A distinctive Ottoman style soon developed, with a greater interest in narrative, and recording the history of the empire.  [[Ottoman illumination]] was also extensively used on court manuscripts.