Editing Model minority (section)

====Possible causes of model minority status====
{{further|Stereotypes of South Asians#Model minority}}

=====Selective immigration=====
One possible cause of the higher performance of Asian Americans as a group is that they represent a small population in America so those who are chosen to move to America often come from a [[Selection bias|selective group]] of Asians. The relative difficulty of emigrating and immigrating into the United States has created a selective nature of the process with the U.S. often choosing the wealthier and [[brain drain|more highly educated]] out of those with less resources, motivation or ability to immigrate.<ref name="YananWang"/><ref name="The Source of the 'Asian Advantage' Isn't Asian Values NBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/editorial-source-asian-advantage-isnt-asian-values-n443526|title=Editorial: The Source of the 'Asian Advantage' Isn't Asian Values|access-date=February 21, 2016|first=Janelle|last=Wong}}</ref>

Asian Americans are the nation's fastest growing ethnic group due to their high rate of immigration. 59% of all Asian Americans are foreign born. The majority of Asian Americans are either 1st or 2nd generation immigrants, with the Asian-American population increasing from only 980,000 in 1960 to 22.4 million in 2019. Due to their high rate of immigration, the Asian American population nearly doubled from 11.9 to 22.4 million in the period between 2000 and 2019 – an 88% increase. For reference, the Black population grew by 20% during this span, while there was virtually no change in the White population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/ |title=Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population |last=Budiman |first=Abby |date=Apr 29, 2021 |website=Pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=November 2, 2021 |quote="The nation's Asian population rose to 11.9 million by 2000 and then nearly doubled to 22.4 million by 2019 – an 88% increase within two decades. "}}</ref>

Asia is a much larger pool of skilled workers as the continent has 4.2 billion people, 60% of the world population. This far outnumbers the next two most populous continents of Africa (15% total world population) and Europe (10%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/ |title=World |date=Oct 19, 2021 |website=CIA.gov |publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=November 2, 2021 |quote="Asia is easily the most populous continent with about 60% of the world's population (China and India together account for over 35%); Africa comes in second with over 15% of the earth's populace, Europe has about 10%, North America 8%, South America almost 6%, and Oceania less than 1%"}}</ref> 82% of Asian American workers in [[STEM]] fields were foreign born, as well as 81% of the entirety of the Asian workforce.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/01/09/diversity-in-the-stem-workforce-varies-widely-across-jobs/ |title=Diversity in the STEM workforce varies widely across jobs |last=Funk |first=Cary |date= Jan 9, 2018 |website=Pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=November 2, 2021 |quote="The vast majority of the Asian STEM workforce is foreign born (82%) as is the Asian workforce overall in the U.S. (81%)." }}</ref>

In 2016, Indian and Chinese nationals accounted for 82% of all issued [[H1-B visa|H1-B Visas]], a work permit that allows skilled foreign workers to go to the United States and work for American companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/04/19/india-and-china-accounted-for-82-percent-of-u-s-h-1b-visas-in-2016-infographic/ |title=India and China Accounted For 82% Of U.S. H-1B Visas In 2016 |last=McCarthy |first=Niall |date=Apr 19, 2017 |work=Forbes |access-date=November 2, 2021 |quote=82 percent of all H-1B visas issued in 2016 went to India and China. 85,000 H-1B visas are issued every year while 100,000 more are extended or re-issued. Last year, 126,692 of them went to recipients from India, 21,657 were issued to Chinese workers.}}</ref>

As of May 2016, 77% of the 1.2 million international students enrolled in the United States hailed from Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/new-report-notes-77-percent-international-students-hail-asia-f-m-student-population-2 |title=New report notes 77 percent of international students hail from Asia |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 23, 2017 |website=Ice.gov |publisher=US Immigration and Customs Enforcement |access-date=November 2, 2021 |quote="Seventy-seven percent of international students hailed from Asia."}}</ref>

=====Cultural differences=====
Cultural factors are thought to be part of the reason why East Asian Americans are successful in the United States. East Asian societies often place more resources and emphasis on education.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haibin|first1=Li|last2=Martin|first2=Andrew|last3=Yeung|first3=Wei-Jun|date=Summer 2017|title=Academic Risk and Resilience for Children and Young People in Asia|journal=Educational Psychology|volume=379|issue=8|pages=921–929|doi=10.1080/01443410.2017.1331973|doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, [[Confucianism in the United States|Confucian tenets]] and [[Chinese culture]] places great value on work ethic and the pursuit of knowledge. In [[Four occupations#Scholar-Officials|traditional Chinese social stratification]], scholars were ranked at the top—well above [[Businessperson|businessmen]] and [[Land tenure|landowners]]. This view of knowledge is evident in the modern lifestyle of many East Asian American families, where the whole family puts emphasis on education and parents will make it their priority to push their children to study and achieve high marks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/the-rise-of-asian-americans/|title=The Rise of Asian Americans|date=2012-06-19|work=Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> Similar cultural tendencies and values are found in South Asian American families,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anh |first1=Nguyen The |title=New Lamps for Old: The Transformation of the Vietnamese Administrative Elite. By Truong Buu Lam with the collaboration of Mai Van Lam. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. (Occasional Paper, no. 66.) 60 pp. $7.45 (paper) |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=May 1987 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=463–464 |doi=10.2307/2056074 |jstor=2056074 |s2cid=163512823 }}</ref> whose children similarly face extra pressure by parents to succeed in school and to achieve high-ranked jobs. Although pressure is often perceived as a way to help East Asian American descendants achieve greater success, it can be used as a way to provide better income and living status for families.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sue |first1=Stanley |last2=Okazaki |first2=Sumie |title=Asian-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation. |journal=American Psychologist |date=1990 |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=913–920 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.913 |pmid=2221563 }}</ref> In other words, much of the East Asian American success in the United States can be due to the stereotypical yet favorable characteristics that their background holds.<ref name="Goyette-Xie">{{Cite journal |last1=Goyette |last2=Xie |first1=Kimberly |first2=Yu |year=1999 |title=Educational Expectations of Asian American Youths: Determinants and Ethnic Differences |jstor=2673184 |journal=Sociology of Education |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=22–36 |doi=10.2307/2673184 }}</ref> In most cases, East Asians such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and [[Taiwanese Americans]] hold a high position in terms of successful educational goals.<ref name="Goyette-Xie" />

Others counter this notion of culture as a driving force, as it ignores [[Immigration law|immigration policies]].<ref name="The Source of the 'Asian Advantage' Isn't Asian Values NBC News" /> In the mid-1800s, Asian immigrants were recruited in the United States as laborers for agriculture and to aid in the building of the first [[transcontinental railroad]]. Many worked for low wages in the harshest conditions. [[Confucianism|Confucian values]] were not seen as a key to success. It was only until the ''[[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]]'' changed the way Asians were seen, as Asians with higher education backgrounds were selectively chosen from a larger pool of the Asian population.<ref name="YananWang" /><ref name="The Source of the 'Asian Advantage' Isn't Asian Values NBC News" />

Further, it has also been argued the myth of the Confucian emphasis on education is [[Counterfactual thinking|counterfactual]]. It also implies Asians are a monolithic group, and ignores the fact that the most educated group of Asian immigrants in the U.S. are Indians, for whom [[Confucius]] is virtually non-existent in their upbringing.<ref name="YananWang" /> It has also been argued that [[Self-selection bias|self-selecting]] immigrants do not represent the actual Asian American population as a whole, nor the populations of their home countries. While 50% of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. have a bachelor's degree, only 5% of the population does in their native China.<ref name="YananWang" /> Lastly, if Confucian culture played a vital part of Asian culture, Chinese immigrant children would perform consistently around the world, yet [[Chinese people in Spain|second-generation Chinese immigrants]] in [[Chinese people in Spain|Spain]] are the lowest academic achievers among immigrant groups in the country, and less than half are expected to graduate from middle school.<ref name="YananWang" />

=====Asian American status in affirmative action=====
{{See also|Affirmative action|Asian quota}}

In the 1980s, one [[Ivy League]] school found evidence it had limited admissions of Asian American students. Because of their high degree of success as a group and over-representation in many areas such as [[college admissions]], most Asian Americans are not granted preferential treatment by [[affirmative action]] policies as are other minority groups.<ref name="Asian over-representation Washington Post"/>

Some schools choose lower-scoring applicants from other [[Race (human classification)|racial]] groups over Asian Americans in an attempt to promote racial [[Multiculturalism|diversity]] and to maintain some [[Proportionality (mathematics)|proportion]] to the society's racial [[Demographics of the United States|demographics]].<ref name="Asian over-representation Washington Post">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55160-2005Mar21.html|title=Learning to Stand Out Among the Standouts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 22, 2005|access-date=December 10, 2010|first=Jay|last=Mathews}}</ref><ref name="asianstudies3">{{Cite book|last=Ancheta|first=Angelo N.|title=Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2006|isbn= 978-0-8135-3902-7
}}</ref>{{rp|165}} In 2014, [[List of business schools in the United States|American business schools]] began a process to sort candidates based on their [[country of origin]] and region of the world they come from.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stacyblackman.com/2014/11/14/separate-gmat-rankings-for-u-s-and-asian-applicants/|title=Separate GMAT Rankings for U.S. and Asian Applicants|website=Stacy Blackman Consulting – MBA Admissions Consulting|date=14 November 2014|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>