Editing Modern architecture (section)

===Constructivist architecture (1919–1931)===
{{main|Constructivist architecture}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Tatlin's Tower maket 1919 year.jpg|Model of the Tower for the Third International, by [[Vladimir Tatlin]] (1919)
File:Lenin Mausoleum.jpg|The [[Lenin Mausoleum]] in Moscow by [[Alexey Shchusev]] (1924)
File:Pavillon de l'URSS Paris (1925).jpg|The USSR Pavilion at the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, by [[Konstantin Melnikov]] (1925)
File:Moscow RusakovWorkersClub 2253.jpg|Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow, by [[Konstantin Melnikov]] (1928)
File:Mr.M. C. Dresselhuyspaviljoen, overzicht van de zuidvleugel, dan wel scheeve vleugel, tijdens restauratie - Hilversum - 20422171 - RCE.jpg|[[Zonnestraal (estate)|Zonnestraal Sanatorium]] in [[Hilversum]] by [[Jan Duiker]] and Bernard Bijvoet (1926–1928)
File:Openluchtschool - Open-air School (8157211576).jpg|[[Open air school]] in Amsterdam by [[Jan Duiker]] (1929–1930)
File:VN5 HDR2.jpg|[[Van Nelle Factory]] in [[Rotterdam]] by [[Leendert van der Vlugt]] and [[Mart Stam]] (1927–1931)
File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0060.jpg|[[Derzhprom]] in [[Kharkiv]] by Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger (1925–1928)
</gallery>
Proto-Constructvism began developing in the 1910s in the [[Russian Empire]], advocated by local architects such as {{Ill|Oleksandr Ginzburg|uk|Гінзбург Олександр Маркович}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavlenko |first=Olena |date=16 January 2025 |title= |script-title=uk:Імена Харкова. Олександр Гінзбург — предтеча харківського конструктивізму |trans-title=Names from Kharkiv. Oleksandr Ginzburg — the forerunner of Kharkiv constructivism |url=https://2day.kh.ua/ua/kharkow/imena-kharkova-oleksandr-hinzburh-predtecha-kharkivskoho-konstruktyvizmu |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Kharkiv Today |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title= |script-title=uk:Дніпровська філармонія: історія центру культури та її будівлі |trans-title=Dnipro Philharmonic Theatre: history of the center of culture and its building |url=https://gorod.dp.ua/news/213987 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Gorod.dp.ua |language=uk}}</ref> After the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, Russian avant-garde artists and architects began searching for a new Soviet style which could replace traditional neoclassicism. The new architectural movements were closely tied with the literary and artistic movements of the period, the [[futurism]] of poet [[Vladimir Mayakovskiy]], the [[Suprematism]] of painter [[Kasimir Malevich]], and the colorful [[Rayonism]] of painter [[Mikhail Larionov]]. The most startling design that emerged was the tower proposed by painter and sculptor [[Vladimir Tatlin]] for the Moscow meeting of the Third [[Communist International]] in 1920: he proposed two interlaced towers of metal four hundred meters high, with four geometric volumes suspended from cables. The movement of Russian [[Constructivist architecture]] was launched in 1921 by a group of artists led by [[Aleksandr Rodchenko]]. Their manifesto proclaimed that their goal was to find the "communist expression of material structures". Soviet architects began to construct workers' clubs, communal apartment houses, and communal kitchens for feeding whole neighborhoods.{{Sfn|Bony|2012|pages=86–87}}

One of the first prominent constructivist architects to emerge in Moscow was [[Konstantin Melnikov]], the number of working clubs – including [[Rusakov Workers' Club]] (1928) – and his own living house, [[The Melnikov House|Melnikov House]] (1929) near [[Arbat Street]] in Moscow. Melnikov traveled to Paris in 1925 where he built the Soviet Pavilion for the [[International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts]] in Paris in 1925; it was a highly geometric vertical construction of glass and steel crossed by a diagonal stairway, and crowned with a hammer and sickle. The leading group of constructivist architects, led by [[Vesnin brothers]] and [[Moisei Ginzburg]], was publishing the 'Contemporary Architecture' journal. This group created several major constructivist projects in the wake of the First Five Year Plan – including colossal [[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]] (1932) – and made an attempt to start the standardization of living blocks with Ginzburg's [[Narkomfin building]]. A number of architects from the pre-Soviet period also took up the constructivist style. The most famous example was [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] in Moscow (1924), by [[Alexey Shchusev]] (1924)<ref>{{cite web|title = Alexey Shchusev (1873–1949)|date = 29 March 2014|url = http://www.architectural-review.com/view/reviews/reputations/alexey-shchusev-1873-1949/8660736.article|access-date = 16 August 2015}}</ref>

The main centers of constructivist architecture were Moscow and Leningrad; however, during the industrialization many constructivist buildings were erected in provincial cities. The regional industrial centers, including [[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]], [[Kharkiv]] or [[Ivanovo]], were rebuilt in the constructivist manner; some cities, like [[Magnitogorsk]] or [[Sotsmisto, Zaporizhzhia|Zaporizhzhia]], were constructed anew (the so-called ''sotsgorod'', or 'socialist city').

The style fell markedly out of favor in the 1930s, replaced by the more grandiose nationalist styles that Stalin favored. Constructivist architects and even [[Le Corbusier]] projects for the new [[Palace of the Soviets]] from 1931 to 1933, but the winner was an early Stalinist building in the style termed [[Postconstructivism]]. The last major Russian constructivist building, by [[Boris Iofan]], was built for the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne|Paris World Exhibition]] (1937), where it faced the pavilion of Nazi Germany by Hitler's architect [[Albert Speer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Facing Hitler's Pavilion: The Uses of Modernity in the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris International Exhibition|journal = Journal of Contemporary History|date = 1 January 2012|issn = 0022-0094|pages = 13–47|volume = 47|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/0022009411422369|first = Danilo|last = Udovički-Selb|s2cid = 159546579}}</ref>