Editing Multan (section)

====Ismaili ''Emirate''====
{{main|Emirate of Multan}}
Multan became capital of [[Emirate of Multan]] in 855. Al Masudi of Baghdad who visited Indus valley in 915 A.D mentioned in his book "Meadows of Gold" that it is one of the strongest frontier places of Muslims and in its neighbourhood there are a hundred and twenty thousand towns and villages".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masudi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5MrBgAAQBAJ&q=al+masudi+meadows+of+gold |title=Meadows Of Gold |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-14522-3 |language=en}}</ref>

By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the  influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from [[Egypt]] and [[Iraq]] following their defeat at the hands of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]]s there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked [[Mecca]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/371782/Mecca/37835/History#ref887188 Mecca's History], from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].</ref> and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the [[Kaaba]]'s [[Black Stone]], and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.<ref>Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369</ref>

The governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas, was a clandestine supporter of the Fatimid movement and the Batiniya influence spread in Southern Punjab. Then, the Qarmatians who had established contacts with the Fatimids in Egypt set up an independent dynasty in Multan and ruled the surrounding areas.<ref>Ahmad, I., & Reifeld, H. (Eds.). (2017). Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation and Conflict (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315144887
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They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih,<ref name="Osimi" /> and established the Emirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the [[Ismaili]] [[Fatimid Dynasty]] based in Cairo.<ref name="c">{{cite book | last=Rose | first=Horace Arthur | title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province | publisher=Nirmal Publishers and Distributors | volume=1 | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-85297-68-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aw3hRAX_DgC&pg=PA489|page=489}}</ref><ref name="Habib" />
During this period, Uch and Multan remained a central pilgrimage site for Vaishnavite and Surya devotees, and their admixture with Isma’īlīsm created the Satpanth tradition. Hence, the beginning of the eleventh century witnessed a sacral and political diversity in Uch that was both unique and precarious.<ref>Asif, Manan. (2016). A Book of Conquest. Harvard University Press.</ref> The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping the sun,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Strand|first1=Elin|last2=Marsh|first2=Adrian|author3=Paul Polansky|title=Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested|date=2006|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|isbn=9789186884178}}</ref> and destroyed the [[Multan Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] and smashed its revered ''Aditya'' idol in the late 10th century.<ref name="Osimi">{{cite book|last1=Osimi|first1=Muhammad|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia (vol.4, part-1)|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 1992|isbn=9788120815957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&q=multan+sun+jalam+al-biruni&pg=PA297|year=1992|author1-link=Muhammad Osimi}}</ref> The Qarmatians built an [[Ismaili]] congregational mosque above the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr Barry|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691125947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan+sun+temple+destroyed&pg=PA155}}</ref>