Editing Muscle memory (section)

==Fine motor memory==

[[Fine motor skills]] are often discussed in terms of transitive movements, which are those done when using tools (which could be as simple as a tooth brush or pencil).<ref name = "Dowell">{{cite journal | last1 = Dowell | first1 = L. R. | last2 = Mahone | first2 = E. M. | last3 = Mostofsky | first3 = S. H. | year = 2009 | title = Associations of postural knowledge and basic motor skill with dyspraxia in autism: Implication for abnormalities in distributed connectivity and motor learning | journal = Neuropsychology | volume = 23 | issue = 5| pages = 563–570 | doi=10.1037/a0015640| pmid = 19702410 | pmc = 2740626 }}</ref> Transitive movements have representations that become programmed to the [[premotor cortex]], creating motor programs that result in the activation of the [[motor cortex]] and therefore the motor movements.<ref name = "Dowell" /> In a study testing the motor memory of patterned finger movements (a fine motor skill) it was found that retention of certain skills is susceptible to disruption if another task interferes with one's motor memory.<ref name = "Krakauer"/> However, such susceptibility can be reduced with time. For example, if a finger pattern is learned and another finger pattern is learned six hours later, the first pattern will still be remembered. But attempting to learn two such patterns one immediately after the other could cause the first one to be forgotten.<ref name = "Krakauer" /> Furthermore, the heavy use of computers by recent generations has had both positive and negative effects. One of the main positive effects is an enhancement of children's fine motor skills.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Straker | first1 = L. | last2 = Pollock | first2 = C. | last3 = Maslen | first3 = B. | year = 2009 | title = Principles for the wise use of computers by children | journal = Ergonomics | volume = 52 | issue = 11| pages = 1386–1401 | doi=10.1080/00140130903067789| pmid = 19851906 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.468.7070 | s2cid = 11366796 }}</ref> Repetitive behaviors, such as typing on a computer from a young age, can enhance such abilities. Therefore, children who learn to use computer keyboards at an early age could benefit from the early muscle memories.

===Music memory===
[[File:Playing the piano.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Bimanual synchronized finger movements play an essential role in piano playing.|Playing the piano requires complex actions.]]  
Fine motor skills are very important in playing musical instruments. Muscle memory is relied on when playing the clarinet, specifically to help create special effects through certain tongue movements when blowing air into the instrument.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fritz | first1 = C. | last2 = Wolfe | first2 = J. | year = 2005 | title = How do clarinet players adjust the resonances of their vocal tracts for different playing effects? | journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 118 | issue = 5| pages = 3306–3315 | doi=10.1121/1.2041287| pmid = 16334701 | arxiv = physics/0505195 | bibcode = 2005ASAJ..118.3306F | s2cid = 1814740 }}</ref>

Certain human behaviours, especially actions like the finger movements in musical performances, are very complex and require many interconnected neural networks where information can be transmitted across multiple brain regions.<ref name = "Kim">{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = D. | last2 = Shin | first2 = M. | last3 = Lee | first3 = K. | last4 = Chu | first4 = K. | last5 = Woo | first5 = S. | last6 = Kim | first6 = Y. | last7 = Song | first7 = E. | last8 = Lee | first8 = Jun | last9 = Park | first9 = S. | last10 = Roh | first10 = J. | year = 2004 | title = Musical Training-Induced Functional Reorganization of the Adult Brain: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study on Amateur String Players | journal = Human Brain Mapping | volume = 23 | issue = 4| pages = 188–199 | doi=10.1002/hbm.20058| pmid = 15449354 | pmc = 6871859 }}</ref>  It has been found that there are often functional differences in the brains of professional musicians, when compared to other individuals. This is thought to reflect the musician's innate ability, which may be fostered by an early exposure to musical training.<ref name = "Kim" /> An example of this is bimanual synchronized finger movements, which play an essential role in piano playing. It is suggested that bimanual coordination can come only from years of bimanual training, where such actions become adaptations of the motor areas.<ref name = "Haslinger">{{cite journal | last1 = Haslinger | first1 = B. | last2 = Erhard | first2 = P. | last3 = Altenmüller | first3 = E. | last4 = Hennenlotter | first4 = A. | last5 = Schwaiger | first5 = M. | last6 = von Einsiedel | first6 = H. G. | last7 = Rummeny | first7 = E. | last8 = Conrad | first8 = B. | last9 = Ceballos-Baumann | first9 = A. O. | year = 2004 | title = Reduced Recruitment of Motor Association Areas During Bimanual Coordination in Concert Pianists | journal = Human Brain Mapping | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 206–215 | doi=10.1002/hbm.20028| pmid = 15195287 | pmc = 6871883 }}</ref> When comparing professional musicians to a control group in complex bimanual movements, professionals are found to use an extensive motor network much less than those non-professionals.<ref name = "Haslinger" /> This is because professionals rely on a motor system that has increased efficiency, and, therefore, those less trained have a network that is more strongly activated.<ref name = "Haslinger" />  It is implied that the untrained pianists have to invest more neuronal activity to have the same level of performance that is achieved by professionals.<ref name = "Haslinger" /> This, yet again, is said to be a consequence of many years of motor training and experience that helps form a fine motor memory skill of musical performance.

It is often reported that, when a pianist hears a well-trained piece of music, synonymous fingering can be involuntarily triggered.<ref name = "Kim" /> This implies that there is a coupling between the perception of music and the motor activity of those musically trained individuals.<ref name = "Kim" /> Therefore, one's muscle memory in the context of music can easily be triggered when one hears certain familiar pieces. Overall, long-term musical fine motor training allows for complex actions to be performed at a lower level of movement control, monitoring, selection, attention, and timing.<ref name = "Haslinger" /> This leaves room for musicians to focus attention synchronously elsewhere, such as on the artistic aspect of the performance, without having to consciously control one's fine motor actions.<ref name = "Haslinger" />

===Puzzle cube memory===
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}}
[[File:Erik Akkersdijk is solving a 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube in 10.50s.ogv|thumb|Erik Akkersdijk is solving a 3×3×3 [[Rubik's Cube]] in 10.50s.]]
[[Speed cubing|Speed cubers]] use muscle memory when attempting to solve puzzle cubes, such as the [[Rubik's Cube]], in the fastest possible time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-11|title=Speedcubers are solving Rubik's Cubes at ever-faster speeds|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/07/11/speedcubers-are-solving-rubiks-cubes-at-ever-faster-speeds|access-date=2021-12-10|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|date=2014-04-25|title=A Cube With a Twist: At 40, It Puzzles Anew|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/nyregion/rubiks-redux-a-colorful-cube-puzzles-anew.html|access-date=2021-12-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Solving these puzzles in an optimally efficient manner requires the cube to be manipulated according to a set of complex [[algorithm]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Demaine|first1=Erik D.|last2=Demaine|first2=Martin L.|last3=Eisenstat|first3=Sarah|last4=Lubiw|first4=Anna|last5=Winslow|first5=Andrew|date=2011|editor-last=Demetrescu|editor-first=Camil|editor2-last=Halldórsson|editor2-first=Magnús M.|chapter=Algorithms for Solving Rubik’s Cubes|title=Algorithms – ESA 2011|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|language=en|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|pages=689–700|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-23719-5_58|arxiv=1106.5736 |isbn=978-3-642-23719-5|s2cid=664306}}</ref> By building their muscle memory of each algorithm's movements, speed cubers can implement them at very fast speeds without [[Automatic and controlled processes|conscious effort]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saunokonoko|first=Mark|date=2015-09-12|title=Feliks Zemdegs: cracking the Rubik's Cube|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/feliks-zemdegs-cracking-the-rubiks-cube-20150821-gj50m9.html|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> This plays a role in major speedcubing methods such as [[Fridrich method|Fridrich]] for the 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and EG for the 2×2×2 [[Pocket Cube]].