Editing Nocebo (section)

==Ethics==
Some researchers have pointed out that the harm caused by communicating with patients about potential treatment [[adverse events]] raises an ethical issue. To respect their [[autonomy]], one must inform a patient about harms a treatment may cause. Yet the way in which potential harms are communicated could cause additional harm, which may violate the ethical principle of [[non-maleficence]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alfano|first=Mark|date=2015|title=Placebo effects and informed consent|journal=Am J Bioeth|volume=15|issue=10|pages=3–12|doi=10.1080/15265161.2015.1074302|issn=1745-6215|pmid=26479091|s2cid=45271769|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/ALFPEA}}</ref> It is possible that nocebo effects can be reduced while respecting autonomy using different models of [[informed consent]], including the use of a [[Framing effect (psychology)|framing effect]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colloca |first1=Luana |last2=Finniss |first2=Damien |title=Nocebo effects, patient-clinician communication, and therapeutic outcomes. |journal=JAMA |date=8 February 2012 |volume=307 |issue=6 |pages=567–568 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.11 |pmid=22318275|pmc=6909539 }}</ref> and the authorized concealment.