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Old Testament
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===Latin=== {{see also|Deuterocanonical books|Vulgate}} In [[Western Christianity]] or Christianity in the [[Western Roman Empire|Western half of the Roman Empire]], Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians, and in 382 AD [[Pope Damasus I]] commissioned [[Jerome]], the leading scholar of the day, to produce an updated Latin Bible to replace the [[Vetus Latina]], which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint. Jerome's work, called the [[Vulgate]], was a direct translation from Hebrew, since he argued for the superiority of [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|the Hebrew texts]] in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds.<ref>Rebenich, S., ''Jerome'' (Routledge, 2013), p. 58. {{ISBN|9781134638444}}</ref> His Vulgate Old Testament became the standard Bible used in the Western Church, specifically as the [[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate]], while the [[Eastern Christianity|Churches in the East]] continued, and continue, to use the Septuagint.{{Sfn | Würthwein | 1995 | pp = 91–99}} Jerome, however, in the [[Vulgate#Prologues|Vulgate's prologues]], describes some portions of books in the Septuagint not found in the Hebrew Bible as being non-[[biblical canon|canonical]] (he called them ''[[biblical apocrypha|apocrypha]]'');<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml|title=The Bible|website=www.thelatinlibrary.com}}</ref> for [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]], he mentions by name in his ''Prologue to Jeremiah'' and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or "not in the canon".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233 |title=Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah |author=Kevin P. Edgecomb |access-date=2015-11-30 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002043/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233 }}</ref> The [[Synod of Hippo]] (in 393), followed by the [[Council of Carthage (397)]] and the [[Council of Carthage (419)]], may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the [[Hebrew Bible]];<ref>McDonald & Sanders, editors of ''The Canon Debate'', 2002, chapter 5: ''The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism'' by Albert C. Sundberg Jr., page 72, Appendix D-2, note 19.</ref> the councils were under significant influence of [[Augustine of Hippo]], who regarded the canon as already closed.<ref>Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in ''The Canon Debate''. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320; F. F. Bruce, ''The Canon of Scripture'' (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 230; cf. Augustine, ''De Civitate Dei'' 22.8</ref>
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