Editing One-state solution (section)

===In favor===
Today, the proponents for the one-state solution include Palestinian author [[Ali Abunimah]], Palestinian writer and political scientist Abdalhadi Alijla, Palestinian-American producer [[Jamal Dajani]], Palestinian lawyer [[Michael Tarazi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/sover/emerg/2004/1004onetwo.htm |title=Two Peoples, One State - Nations & States - Global Policy Forum |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020020059/http://www.globalpolicy.org///nations/sovereign/sover/emerg/2004/1004onetwo.htm |archive-date=20 October 2008}}</ref> American-Israeli anthropologist [[Jeff Halper]], Israeli writer Dan Gavron,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirschberg |first=Peter |date=16 December 2003 |title=One state awakening |url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID%3D4693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080307144349/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=4693 |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=17 October 2009}}</ref> Lebanese-American academic [[Saree Makdisi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-op-makdisi11-2008may11,0,7862060.story |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Forget the two-state solution |first=Saree |last=Makdisi |date=11 May 2008 |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> and Israeli journalist [[Gideon Levy]].<ref name=whos-afraid>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.571863 |author=Gideon Levy |title=Who's afraid of a binational state? |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Al Gathafi 2003">{{Cite web |last=Al Gathafi |first=Muammar |title=White Book (ISRATIN) |year=2003 |url=http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/cat_03_03.htm |access-date=2008-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415223111/http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/cat_03_03.htm |archive-date=2008-04-15 }}</ref> In an [[op-ed]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2004, Tarazi opined that the expansion of the Israeli settler movement, especially in the West Bank, was a rationale for bi-nationalism and the increased infeasibility of the two-state alternative: <blockquote>"Support for one state is hardly a radical idea; it is simply the recognition of the uncomfortable reality that Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories already function as a single state. They share the same aquifers, the same highway network, the same electricity grid and the same international borders... The one-state solution... neither destroys the Jewish character of the Holy Land nor negates the Jewish historical and religious attachment (although it would destroy the superior status of Jews in that state). Rather, it affirms that the Holy Land has an equal Christian and Muslim character. For those who believe in equality, this is a good thing."<ref name=tarazi>{{cite news |url =https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/04/opinion/04tarazi.html |author=Michael Tarazi |title=Two Peoples, One State|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 January 2011 |date=4 October 2004}}</ref></blockquote> Advocates of this solution push for a secular and democratic state while still maintaining a Jewish presence and culture in the region.<ref name="haifa2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.mada-research.org/UserFiles/file/haifaenglish.pdf |title=Haifa Declaration |year=2007 |publisher=Arab Center for Applied Social Research |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303181624/http://www.mada-research.org/UserFiles/file/haifaenglish.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2011 }}</ref> They concede that this alternative will erode the dream of Jewish supremacy in terms of governance in the long run.<ref name="haifa2007" />

[[Hamas]] has at times ruled out a two-state solution, and at other times endorsed the possibility of a two-state solution.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hamas: We Won't Accept Two-state Solution |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2009-05-09/ty-article/hamas-we-wont-accept-two-state-solution/0000017f-ece9-dc91-a17f-fcedea620000 |access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref><ref name="offer 2009">{{cite news |author=Segev |first=Yoav |date=22 September 2009 |title=Haniyeh to UN chief: Hamas accepts Palestinian state in '67 borders |newspaper=Haaretz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/haniyeh-to-un-chief-hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-in-67-borders-1.7460 |access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> Hamas co-founder [[Mahmoud Al-Zahar]] has been cited saying he "did not rule out the possibility of having Jews, Muslims and Christians living under the sovereignty of an Islamic state."<ref name="xinhuanet.com">{{cite web|title=Hamas leader urges int'l community to respect Palestinian people's choice|publisher=[[Xinhua]]|date=2 April 2006|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/02/content_4373348.htm|access-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805082725/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/02/content_4373348.htm|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], for its part, rejects a two-state solution; its leader Khalid al-Batsh stated that "The idea cannot be accepted and we believe that the entire Palestine is Arab and Islamic land and belongs to the Palestinian nation."<ref>[http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=52405 "Islamic Jihad Leader Rejects Two-State Solution to Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,"] IMRA (16 May 2011). Retrieved 2013-12-17.</ref>

In 2003, Libyan leader [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] proposed a one-state solution known as the [[Isratin|''Isratin'' proposal]].<ref name="isratin2009" /> Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] and former president [[Ebrahim Raisi]] both expressed their support for a one-state solution, in which Palestine would become the sole legitimate government of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-02 |title=Iran rejects two-state solution for Palestine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/10/2/iran-rejects-two-state-solution-for-palestine |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-12 |title=Iran opposes two-state solution for Palestine, calls for 'democratic' solution |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231112-iran-opposes-two-state-solution-for-palestine-calls-for-democratic-solution/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]]}}</ref>

====The left====
Since 1999, interest has been renewed in bi-nationalism or a unitary democratic state. That year, Palestinian activist [[Edward Said]] wrote, "[A]fter 50 years of Israeli history, classic Zionism has provided no solution to the Palestinian presence. I therefore see no other way than to begin now to speak about sharing the land that has thrust us together, sharing it in a truly democratic way with equal rights for all citizens."<ref name="Al-Ahram Weekly">[[Edward Said]], "Truth and Reconciliation," ''Al-Ahram Weekly'', 14 January 1999</ref>

In October 2003, New York University scholar [[Tony Judt]] broke ground in his article, "Israel: The Alternative" in the ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', in which he argued that Israel is an "anachronism" in sustaining an ethnic identity for the state and that the two-state solution is fundamentally doomed and unworkable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Judt |first=Tony |date=23 October 2003 |title=Israel: The Alternative |language=en |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/10/23/israel-the-alternative/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> The Judt article engendered considerable debate in the UK and the US, and ''The New York Review of Books'' received more than 1,000 letters per week about the essay. A month later, political scientist [[Virginia Tilley]] published "The One-State Solution" in the ''[[London Review of Books]]'' (followed by a book with the same title in 2005), arguing that West Bank settlements had made a two-state solution impossible and that the international community must accept a one-state solution as the ''de facto'' reality.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tilley |first=Virginia |author-link=Virginia Tilley |date=6 November 2003 |title=The One-State Solution |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n21/virginia-tilley/the-one-state-solution |journal=London Review of Books |volume=25 |issue=21 |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Virginia Tilley |url=http://www.press.umich.edu/183676/one_state_solution |title=The One-State Solution |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-03449-9 |date=2005}}</ref>

Leftist journalists from Israel, such as [[Haim Hanegbi]] and Daniel Gavron, have called for the public to "face the facts" and accept the binational solution. On the Palestinian side, similar voices have been raised. Then-Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Olmert]] argued, in a 2007 interview with the Israeli daily ''[[Haaretz]]'', that without a two-state agreement Israel would face "a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights" in which case "Israel [would be] finished".<ref name="haaretz2007" />

[[John Mearsheimer]], co-director of the Programme on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago, says the binational solution has become inevitable. He further argued that by allowing Israel's settlements to prevent the formation of a Palestinian state, the United States has helped Israel commit "national suicide" since Palestinians will be the majority group in the binational state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews%3D54507 |title=Dead Peace Process Could be "National Suicide" for Israel - IPS ipsnews.net |access-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217205009/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54507 |archive-date=17 February 2011 }}</ref>

[[Rashid Khalidi]] wrote in 2011 that the one-state solution was already a reality, in that "there is only one state between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, in which there are two or three levels of citizenship or non-citizenship within the borders of that one state that exerts total control." Khalidi further argued that the "peace process" had been extinguished by ongoing Israeli settlement construction, and anyone who still believed it could result in an equitable two-state solution should have their "head examined".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/leading-palestinian-intellectual-we-already-have-a-one-state-solution-1.399629 Leading Palestinian intellectual: We already have a one-state solution] (''Haaretz'', 5 Dec. 2011)</ref>

In 2013, professor [[Ian Lustick]] wrote in ''The New York Times'' that the "fantasy" of a two-state solution prevented people from working on solutions that might really work. Lustick argued that people who assume Israel will persist as a Zionist project should consider how quickly the Soviet, Pahlavi Iranian, apartheid South African, Baathist Iraqi and Yugoslavian states unraveled. Lustick concludes that while it may not arise without "painful stalemates", a one-state solution may be a way to eventual Palestinian independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lustick |first=Ian S. |date=2013-09-14 |title=Two-State Illusion |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/two-state-illusion.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122164104/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/two-state-illusion.html |archive-date=22 January 2016 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====The Israeli right====
{{Main|Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank}}
[[File:Restricted space in the West Bank, Area C.png|thumb|200px|[[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] of the West Bank, controlled by Israel, in blue and red, December 2011]]
In recent years, some politicians and political commentators representing the right wing of Israeli politics have advocated annexing the [[West Bank]], and granting the West Bank's Palestinian population Israeli citizenship while maintaining Israel's current status as a [[Jewish state]] with [[Arab citizens of Israel|recognized minorities]]. Proposals from the Israeli right for a one-state solution tend to avoid advocating the annexation of the [[Gaza Strip]], due to its large and generally hostile Palestinian population and its status as a self-governing territory without any Israeli settlements or permanent military presence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glick |first=Caroline B. |title=The Israeli solution: a one-state plan for peace in the Middle East |date=2014 |publisher=Crown forum |isbn=978-0-385-34806-5 |location=New York |pages=133–135}}</ref> Some Israeli politicians, including former defense minister [[Moshe Arens]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Strenger|first=Carlo|title=Strenger than Fiction / Israel should consider a one-state solution|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/strenger-than-fiction/strenger-than-fiction-israel-should-consider-a-one-state-solution-1.296976|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=Haaretz|date=18 June 2010}}</ref> and former President [[Reuven Rivlin]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahren |first=Raphael |title=The newly confident Israeli proponents of a one-state solution|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/at-hebron-conference-proponents-of-the-one-state-solution-show-their-growing-confidence/|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=16 July 2012}}</ref> and [[Uri Ariel]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New housing minister rejects settlement freeze as 'dreadful' idea |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/new-housing-minister-rejects-settlement-freeze-as-dreadful-idea/ |newspaper=Times Of Israel |date=17 March 2013 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> have voiced support for a one-state solution, rather than divide the [[West Bank]] in a two-state solution.<ref name=haaretz2010 >{{cite journal|last=Zrahiya |first=Zvi |title=Israel official: Accepting Palestinians into Israel better than two states |journal=TheMarker |year=2010 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-official-accepting-palestinians-into-israel-better-than-two-states-1.287421 |access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref> 

In 2013, [[Likud]] MK [[Tzipi Hotovely]] argued that Jordan was originally created as the Arab state in the British Mandate of Palestine and that Israel should annex the West Bank as a historic part of the Land of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harkov |first=Lahav |url=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Hotovely-laments-Likud-schizophrenia-on-two-states-324563 |title=Hotovely laments Likud 'schizophrenia' on two states |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> [[Naftali Bennett]], Prime Minister of Israel, included in many [[Likud]]-led coalitions, argues for the annexation of Zone C of the [[West Bank]]. Zone C, agreed upon as part of the [[Oslo Accords]], comprises about 60% of West Bank land and is currently under Israeli military control.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bennett |first=Naftali |date=5 November 2014 |title=for Israel Two-State is No Solution |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/opinion/naftali-bennett-for-israel-two-state-is-no-solution.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |access-date=2016-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129073924/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/opinion/naftali-bennett-for-israel-two-state-is-no-solution.html?_r=0 |archive-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

In the 2014 book ''The Israeli Solution'', ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' columnist [[Caroline Glick]] challenged the census statistics provided by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) and argued that the bureau had vastly over-inflated the Palestinian population of the West Bank by 1.34 million and that PCBS statistics and predictions are unreliable. According to a [[Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies]] (BESA) study,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS65.pdf |title=The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172640/http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS65.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> the 2004 Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza stood at 2.5 million and not the 3.8 million claimed by the Palestinians. According to Glick, the 1997 PCBS survey, used as the basis for later studies, inflated numbers by including over three hundred thousand Palestinians living abroad and by double-counting over two hundred thousand Jerusalem Arabs already included in Israel's population survey. Further, Glick says later PCBS surveys reflect the predictions of the 1997 PCBS survey, reporting unrealized birth forecasts, including assumptions of large Palestinian immigration that never occurred.

Based on this study, Glick argued that annexation of the West Bank would only add 1.4 million Palestinians to the population of Israel. She argued that a one-state solution with a Jewish majority and a political system rooted in Jewish values was the best way to guarantee the protection of democratic values and the rights of all minorities.<ref>Glick, Caroline. ''The Israeli Solution: A One-State Plan for Peace in the Middle East''. New York: Crown Forum, 2014. pp. 124–33, 155–63.</ref>

The demographic statistics from the PCBS are backed by [[Arnon Soffer]] and quite similar to official Israeli figures. [[Sergio DellaPergola]] gives a figure of 5,698,500 Arabs living in Israel and the Palestinian territories in 2015, while the core Jewish population stood at 6,103,200.<ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Elhanan |date=5 January 2015 |title=Right-wing annexation drive fueled by false demographics, experts say |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/right-wing-annexation-drive-fueled-by-false-demographics-experts-say/ |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref>