Editing Organization (section)

===Formal organizations===
An organization that is established as a means for achieving defined [[Goal|objectives]] has been referred to as a '''[[formal organization]]'''. Its design specifies how goals are subdivided and reflected in subdivisions of the organization. Divisions, departments, sections, positions, [[job (role)|jobs]], and tasks make up this work [[structure]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Functions of the Executive |url= https://archive.org/details/functionsofexecu1938barn |url-access= registration |last= Barnard |first= Chester I. |author-link= Chester Barnard |year= 1938 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, MA |oclc= 555075}}</ref> Thus, the formal organization is expected to behave impersonally in regard to relationships with clients or with its members. According to Weber's definition, entry and subsequent advancement is by merit or seniority. Each employee receives a salary and enjoys a degree of tenure that safeguards him from the arbitrary influence of superiors or of powerful clients. The higher his position in the hierarchy, the greater his presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization. It is this bureaucratic structure that forms the basis for the appointment of heads or chiefs of administrative subdivisions in the organization and endows them with the authority attached to their position.<ref name = "Cecil"/>