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Paraconsistent logic
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=== Included === Some tautologies of paraconsistent logic are: * All axiom schemas for paraconsistent logic: :<math>P \to (Q \to P)</math> ** for deduction theorem and ?β{''t'',''b''} = {''t'',''b''} :<math>(P \to (Q \to R)) \to ((P \to Q) \to (P \to R))</math> ** for deduction theorem (note: {''t'',''b''}β{''f''} = {''f''} follows from the deduction theorem) :<math>\lnot (P \to Q) \to P</math> ** {''f''}β? = {''t''} :<math>\lnot (P \to Q) \to \lnot Q</math> ** ?β{''t''} = {''t''} :<math>P \to (\lnot Q \to \lnot (P \to Q))</math> ** {''t'',''b''}β{''b'',''f''} = {''b'',''f''} :<math>\lnot \lnot P \to P</math> ** ~{''f''} = {''t''} :<math>P \to \lnot \lnot P</math> ** ~{''t'',''b''} = {''b'',''f''} (note: ~{''t''} = {''f''} and ~{''b'',''f''} = {''t'',''b''} follow from the way the truth-values are encoded) :<math>P \to (P \lor Q)</math> ** {''t'',''b''}v? = {''t'',''b''} :<math>Q \to (P \lor Q)</math> ** ?v{''t'',''b''} = {''t'',''b''} :<math>\lnot (P \lor Q) \to \lnot P</math> ** {''t''}v? = {''t''} :<math>\lnot (P \lor Q) \to \lnot Q</math> ** ?v{''t''} = {''t''} :<math>(P \to R) \to ((Q \to R) \to ((P \lor Q) \to R))</math> ** {''f''}v{''f''} = {''f''} :<math>\lnot P \to (\lnot Q \to \lnot (P \lor Q))</math> ** {''b'',''f''}v{''b'',''f''} = {''b'',''f''} :<math>(P \land Q) \to P</math> ** {''f''}&? = {''f''} :<math>(P \land Q) \to Q</math> ** ?&{''f''} = {''f''} :<math>\lnot P \to \lnot (P \land Q)</math> ** {''b'',''f''}&? = {''b''.''f''} :<math>\lnot Q \to \lnot (P \land Q)</math> ** ?&{''b'',''f''} = {''b'',''f''} :<math>(\lnot P \to R) \to ((\lnot Q \to R) \to (\lnot (P \land Q) \to R))</math> ** {''t''}&{''t''} = {''t''} :<math>P \to (Q \to (P \land Q))</math> ** {''t'',''b''}&{''t'',''b''} = {''t'',''b''} :<math>(P \to Q) \to ((\lnot P \to Q) \to Q)</math> ** ? is the union of {''t'',''b''} with {''b'',''f''} * Some other theorem schemas: :<math>P \to P</math> :<math>(\lnot P \to P) \to P</math> :<math>((P \to Q) \to P) \to P</math> :<math>P \lor \lnot P</math> :<math>\lnot (P \land \lnot P)</math> :<math>(\lnot P \to Q) \to (P \lor Q)</math> :<math>((\lnot P \to Q) \to Q) \to (((P \land \lnot P) \to Q) \to (P \to Q))</math> ** every truth-value is either ''t'', ''b'', or ''f''. :<math>((P \to Q) \to R) \to (Q \to R)</math>
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