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Participatory design
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==Discourses== Discourses in the PD literature have been sculpted by three main concerns: (1) the politics of design, (2) the nature of participation, and (3) methods, tools and techniques for carrying out design projects (Finn Kensing & Jeanette Blomberg, 1998, p. 168).<ref>Contributions to these areas have been published in the proceedings of the Biennial [[Participatory Design Conference]], which started in 1990: https://ojs.ruc.dk/index.php/pdc/issue/archive</ref> === Politics of design === The politics of design have been the concern for many design researchers and practitioners. Kensing and Blomberg illustrate the main concerns which related to the introduction of new frameworks such as system design which related to the introduction of computer-based systems and power dynamics that emerge within the workspace. The automation introduced by system design has created concerns within unions and workers as it threatened their involvement in production and their ownership over their work situation. Asaro (2000) offers a detailed analysis of the politics of design and the inclusion of "users" in the design process. === Nature of participation === Major international organizations such as [[Project for Public Spaces]] create opportunities for rigorous participation in the design and creation of [[Location (geography)|place]], believing that it is the essential ingredient for successful environments. Rather than simply consulting the public, PPS creates a platform for the community to participate and [[co-design]] new areas, which reflect their intimate knowledge. Providing insights, which independent design professionals such as architects or even local government planners may not have. Using a method called Place Performance Evaluation or (Place Game), groups from the community are taken on the site of proposed development, where they use their knowledge to develop design strategies, which would benefit the community. "Whether the participants are schoolchildren or professionals, the exercise produces dramatic results because it relies on the expertise of people who use the place every day, or who are the potential users of the place."<ref>Projects for Public Spaces http://www.pps.org/info/services/our_approach/building_the_vision {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202100501/http://www.pps.org/info/services/our_approach/building_the_vision |date=2008-12-02 }} ''Building The Vision'' May 15, 2009</ref> This successfully engages with the ultimate idea of participatory design, where various stakeholders who will be the users of the end product, are involved in the design process as a collective. Similar projects have had success in Melbourne, Australia particularly in relation to contested sites, where design solutions are often harder to establish. The Talbot Reserve in the suburb of St. Kilda faced numerous problems of use, such as becoming a regular spot for [[sex workers]] and drug users to congregate. A Design In, which incorporated a variety of key users in the community about what they wanted for the future of the reserve allowed traditionally marginalised voices to participate in the design process. Participants described it as 'a transforming experience as they saw the world through different eyes.' (Press, 2003, p. 62). This is perhaps the key attribute of participatory design, a process which, allows multiple voices to be heard and involved in the design, resulting in outcomes which suite a wider range of users. It builds empathy within the system and users where it is implemented, which makes solving larger problems more holistically. As planning affects everyone it is believed that "those whose livelihoods, environments and lives are at stake should be involved in the decisions which affect them" (Sarkissian and Perglut, 1986, p. 3). [[C. West Churchman]] said [[systems thinking]] "begins when first you view the world through the eyes of another".<ref>Churchman, C.W. (1968). The systems approach. New York: Delacorte Press. p. 231. {{ISBN?}}</ref> === In the built environment === [[File:Keskustelutilaisuus Helsingin yleiskaavasta.jpg|thumb|A public consultation event about urban planning in Helsinki]] Participatory design has many applications in development and changes to the [[built environment]]. It has particular currency to planners and [[architects]], in relation to [[placemaking]] and [[community]] [[urban regeneration company|regeneration]] projects. It potentially offers a far more [[democracy|democratic]] approach to the design process as it involves more than one [[stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholder]]. By incorporating a variety of views there is greater opportunity for successful outcomes. Many universities and major institutions are beginning to recognise its importance. The [[UN]], Global studio involved students from [[Columbia University]], [[University of Sydney]] and [[Sapienza University of Rome]] to provide design solutions for [[Vancouver]]'s downtown eastside, which suffered from drug- and alcohol-related problems. The process allowed cross-discipline participation from planners, architects and industrial designers, which focused on collaboration and the sharing of ideas and stories, as opposed to rigid and singular design outcomes. (Kuiper, 2007, p. 52) ==== Public interest design ==== {{Main|Public interest design}} Public interest design is a design movement, extending to architecture, with the main aim of structuring design around the needs of the community. At the core of its application is participatory design.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mirzaean Mahabadi, Zabihi, Majedi |first1=Shahab, Hossein, Hamid |title=Participatory Design; A New Approach to Regenerate the Public Space |url=http://ijaud.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8339_47703dce2ed5f9ebcac51ce275b56d74.pdf |publisher=International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> Through allowing individuals to have a say in the process of design of their own surrounding built environment, design can become proactive and tailored towards addressing wider social issues facing that community.<ref name=Feldman>{{cite book |last1=Feldman, Palleroni, Perkes, Bell |first1=Robert M, Sergio, David, Bryan |title=Wisdom From the Field: Public Interest Architecture In Practice |url=https://www.publicinterestdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Wisdom-from-the-Field.pdf |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> Public interest design is meant to reshape conventional modern architectural practice. Instead of having each construction project solely meet the needs of the individual, public interest design addresses wider social issues at their core. This shift in architectural practice is a structural and systemic one, allowing design to serve communities responsibly.<ref name=Feldman/> Solutions to social issues can be addressed in a long-term manner through such design, serving the public, and involving it directly in the process through participatory design. The built environment can become the very reason for social and community issues to arise if not executed properly and responsibly. Conventional architectural practice often does cause such problems since only the paying client has a say in the design process.<ref name=Feldman/> That is why many architects throughout the world are employing participatory design and practicing their profession more responsibly, encouraging a wider shift in architectural practice. Several architects have largely succeeded in disproving theories that deem public interest design and participatory design financially and organizationally not feasible. Their work is setting the stage for the expansion of this movement, providing valuable data on its effectiveness and the ways in which it can be carried out.
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