Editing Perak (section)

== Geography ==
Perak has a total land area of {{convert|20976|km2|sqmi}}, and is situated in the west of the Malay Peninsula on the coast of the [[Strait of Malacca]].<ref name="statistics" /> Its [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) extends into the Strait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8483|title=Marine Gazetteer Placedetails [Malaysian Exclusive Economic Zone]|publisher=Marineregions.org|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> It is the second largest Malaysian state on the Malay Peninsula, and the fourth largest in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/21-perak-state-secretariat|title=Information Access (Perak)|publisher=Government of Perak|access-date=10 October 2019|quote=Perak or also known as Perak Darul Ridzuan is the second largest state in Peninsular Malaysia (after Pahang).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009070510/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/21-perak-state-secretariat|archive-date=9 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mtc.com.my/images/media/655/15_Nov_-_Timber_-_Forestry_eNews_-_Malaysia_-_responsibility_in_the_factory_and_deep_in_the_forests.pdf|title=Malaysia: responsibility in the factory and deep in the forests|author=Jim Bowden|journal=Timber & Forestry ENews|via=Malaysian Timber Council|date=15 November 2018|access-date=10 October 2019|pages=3–4|issue=537|quote=It was at the state forest in Perak, the fourth-largest of Malaysia's 13 states, that we saw how deep the responsibility for forest management has been planted.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009070219/http://www.mtc.com.my/images/media/655/15_Nov_-_Timber_-_Forestry_eNews_-_Malaysia_-_responsibility_in_the_factory_and_deep_in_the_forests.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state has {{convert|230|km|mi}} of coastline, of which {{convert|140.2|km|mi}} are affected by [[coastal erosion]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf|title=Coastal erosion management in Malaysia|author=Ir. Ooi Choon Ann|journal=Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences|via=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia|year=1996|access-date=14 October 2019|pages=9 (10)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050909/https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mangrove]] forests grow along most of Perak's coast, with the exception of Pangkor Island, with its rich [[flora]] and [[fauna]], where several of the country's [[forest reserve]]s are located.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.mybis.gov.my/pd/14|title=First Report on the Herpetofauna of Pulau Pangkor, Perak, Malaysia|author1=Chan Kin Onn|author2=J. van Rooijen|author3=L. Lee Grismer|author4=Daicus Belabut|author5=Mohd. Abdul Muin Md. Akil|author6=Hamidi Jamaludin|author7=Rick Gregory|author8=Norhayati Ahmad|journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology|via=Malaysia Biodiversity Information System|volume=17|issue=2|year=2010|pages=139–146|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eric Bird|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA1122|date=25 February 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0|pages=1122–}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/jom/2017/08/268815/naturally-beautiful|title=Naturally beautiful|author=Zulkifly Ab Latif|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=17 August 2017|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Wohin auswandern malaysia Taiping Lake Gardens 4.jpg|thumb|right|Panorama of [[Taiping Lake Gardens]] in [[Bukit Larut]], formerly a mining ground]]

There is extensive [[swamp]]land along the coastal [[alluvium|alluvial]] zones of the west coast between central Perak and southern [[Selangor]].<ref>{{cite book|author=F. L. Dunn|title=Rain-forest Collectors and Traders: A Study of Resource Utilization in Modern and Ancient Malaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fzOAAAAMAAJ&q=perak+interior+characteristics+forest|year=1975|publisher=MBRAS|pages=30–}}</ref> Perak has an overall total [[forest cover]] of {{convert|1,027,404.31|hectare|0|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|939,403.01|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of [[tropical forest|forest lands]], {{convert|41,616.75|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of mangroves, and another {{convert|2,116.55|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of forest plantations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/sumber-hutan.html|title=Forest Resources|publisher=Perak State Forestry Department|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009084847/http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/sumber-hutan.html|archive-date=9 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A total of {{convert|995,284.96|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of forest has been gazetted by the state government as forest reserve, scattered across 68 areas throughout the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/12/10/peraks-forest-reserve-stands-at-over-900000ha/|title=Perak's forest reserve stands at over 900,000ha|work=The Star|date=10 December 2014|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Limestone hills of Tambun near the Tibetan Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Limestone]] hills, known as [[mogote]]s, near [[Tambun]]. Tambun is located within the [[karstic]] [[Kinta Valley National Geopark]], where such a landform dominates the landscape.]]

Perak's geology is characterised by eruptive masses, which form its [[hill]]s and [[mountain range]]s. The state is divided by three [[mountain chain]]s into the three [[plain]]s of Kinta, Larut and Perak, running parallel to the coast.<ref name="(U.S.)1895">{{cite book|author=Geological Survey (U.S.)|title=Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn7pAAAAMAAJ&q=mountains+of+perak&pg=PA469|year=1895|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=469–}}</ref> The [[Titiwangsa Range]] passes along the eastern borders of Perak, with its highest point, the {{convert|2,183|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Mount Korbu]], is located in the district of Kinta near the border with the state of Kelantan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Colonial Reports, Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIxIAAAAYAAJ&q=mount+korbu+highest+point+perak|year=1923|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Areas Studies Division|title=Area Handbook for Malaysia and Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPdAAAAAIAAJ&q=mount+korbu+highest+point+perak&pg=PA12|year=1965|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=12–}}</ref> Other mountain ranges in Perak are the [[Bintang Mountains]] and the [[Keledang Range]]. Alluvium covers much of the plains, with detached masses of [[sedimentary rock]] appearing at rare intervals.<ref name="(U.S.)1895"/>

An extensive network of rivers originates from the inland mountain ranges and hills.<ref name="US commercial relations"/> Perak's borders with the states of Kedah, Penang and Selangor are marked by rivers, including the [[Bernam River|Bernam]] and [[Kerian River]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=¬The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwygeVqeln0C&q=perak+river+mountainous&pg=PA357|year=1876|publisher=Murray|pages=357–}}</ref> Perak has 11 major [[river basin]]s of more than {{convert|80|km|mile|abbr=on}}. Of these, the [[Perak River]] basin is the largest, with an area of {{convert|14908|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, about 70% of the total area of the state. It is the second largest river basin on the Malay Peninsula, after the Pahang River basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpsperak.gov.my/en/Page?type=zByNQuF9FYw=&pid=bVSKQne/swI=|title=The River, Basin & Reserves|publisher=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Perak|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012041038/http://www.jpsperak.gov.my/en/Page?type=zByNQuF9FYw%3D&pid=bVSKQne%2FswI%3D|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Perak River is the longest river in the state, at some {{convert|400|km|mile|abbr=on}}, and is the Malay Peninsula's second longest after the [[Pahang River]]. It originates in the mountains of the Perak-Kelantan-[[Yala Province|Yala]] border, snaking down to the Strait of Malacca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nena Vreeland|title=Area Handbook for Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YhdAAAAIAAJ&q=perak+river+second+longest+pahang&pg=PA11|year=1977|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=11–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=George Thomas Kurian|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU1XAAAAMAAJ&q=perak+river+second+longest+pahang|year=1989|publisher=Gale Research Company|isbn=978-0-914746-31-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission|title=Regional Symposium on Sustainable Development of Inland Fisheries Under Environmental Constraints: Bangkok, Thailand, 19-21 October 1994, and Country Reports Presented at the IPFC Working Party of Experts on Inland Fisheries : Bangkok, Thailand, 17-21 October 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHkppK-KUaAC&q=perak+river+400+km&pg=PA230|year=1995|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-103559-7|pages=230–}}</ref> Other major rivers include the Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, and Tiram Rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/Compendium/kompendium2018.pdf|title=Kompendium (Data dan Maklumat Asas JPS)|trans-title=Compendium (DID Basic Data and Information)|language=ms|publisher=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia|year=2018|access-date=12 October 2019|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524015804/https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/Compendium/kompendium2018.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Perak is located in a [[tropical geography|tropical region]] with a typically hot, humid and wet [[tropical rainforest climate|equatorial climate]], and experiences significant rainfall throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/malaysia/perak-2626/|title=Climate: Perak|publisher=Climate Data|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> The temperature remains fairly constant, between {{convert|21|and|27|C|F}}. [[Humidity]] is often above 80%.<ref>{{cite book|author1=T. Suntharalingam|author2=Malaysia. Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi|title=Quaternary geology of the coastal plain of Beruas, Perak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L11PAQAAIAAJ&q=perak+humidity|year=1985|publisher=Geological Survey Headquarters}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Chin Aik Yeap|author2=BirdLife International. Important Bird Area Programme|author3=Malayan Nature Society|title=Directory of important bird areas in Malaysia: key sites for conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EQKAAAAMAAJ&q=perak+humidity|date=January 2007|publisher=Malaysian Nature Society|isbn=978-983-9681-39-0}}</ref> Annual rainfall is about {{convert|3,000|mm|in}}, with the central area of the state receiving an average of {{convert|5,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/climate-weather.html|title=Climate & Weather|publisher=Perak Tourism|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011045827/http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/climate-weather.html|archive-date=11 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/16006/1/D%20I%20S%20S%20E%20R%20T%20A%20T%20I%20O%20N.pdf32.pdf|title=Flood Damage Assessment for Perak Tengah District|author=Wan Nooraishah Wan Abdul Kadir|via=[[Universiti Teknologi Petronas]]|year=2015|pages=11 [20/49]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010080030/http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/16006/1/D%20I%20S%20S%20E%20R%20T%20A%20T%20I%20O%20N.pdf32.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state experiences two [[monsoon]] seasons: the northeast and southwest seasons. The northeast season occurs from November to March, the southwest from May to September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and June. The northeast monsoon brings heavy rains, especially in the upper areas of Hulu Perak, causing floods.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Great Flood, 1926|author=R. O. Winstedt|journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1927|volume=5|issue=2|pages=295–309|jstor=24249117}}<br />{{*}} {{cite journal|title=The "Great Flood" of 1926: environmental change and post-disaster management in British Malaya|author=Fiona Williamson|journal=Ecosystem Health and Sustainability|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2016|volume=2|issue=11|pages=e01248|doi=10.1002/ehs2.1248|doi-access=free}}<br />{{*}} {{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/11/07/thorough-solution-needed-to-overcome-floods-in-hulu-perak-mb-says/1504227|title=Thorough solution needed to overcome floods in Hulu Perak, MB says|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=7 November 2017|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011055009/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/11/07/thorough-solution-needed-to-overcome-floods-in-hulu-perak-mb-says/1504227|archive-date=11 October 2019|url-status=dead}}<br />{{*}} {{cite journal|url=https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/584130f6ea786.pdf|title=Managing the Flood Problem in Malaysia|publisher=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia|access-date=12 October 2019|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012035109/https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/584130f6ea786.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Little effect of the southwest monsoon is felt in the Kinta Valley, although coastal areas of southern Perak occasionally experience [[thunderstorms]], heavy rain and strong, gusting winds in the predawn and early morning.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Frank Tinley Ingham|author2=Ernest Frederick Bradford|title=The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Kinta Valley, Perak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phXbAAAAMAAJ&q=northeast+monsoon+perak|year=1960|publisher=Federation of Malaya, Geological Survey.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159178777.pdf|title=Wind Environment Evaluation on Major Town of Malaysia|author=Hafezatul Rasyidah Othman|journal=Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang|via=CORE|year=2010|pages=1–13 [2/24]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011053814/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159178777.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Landscapes of Perak">
File:Mount Korbu.jpg|[[Mount Korbu]] with surrounding [[vegetation]]
File:Mirror Lake in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.jpg|Mirror Lake in Ipoh
File:Forest Brook in Tapah Hills, Perak, Malaysia.jpg|Forest Brook in Tapah Hills
File:Twilight in Lumut Beach, Perak, Malaysia.jpg|[[Twilight]] in Lumut Beach
</gallery>

=== Biodiversity ===
[[File:Belum Rainforest Resort Outdoor Walkway, Perak, Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Belum Rainforest Resort Outdoor Walkway on [[Banding Island]] in [[Temenggor Lake]]]]

The jungles of Perak are highly [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]]. The state's main natural park, [[Belum-Temengor|Royal Belum State Park]], covers an area of {{convert|117500|hectare|0|abbr=on}} in northern Perak. It contains 18 species of [[frog]] and [[toad]], 67 species of [[snake]], more than 132 species of [[beetle]], 28 species of [[cicada]], 97 species of [[moth]], and 41 species of [[dragonflies|dragonfly]] and [[damselflies|damselfly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.gov.my/media/k2/Warisan%20Dunia/RBSP/RBSP.pdf|title=Royal Belum State Park|via=Department of National Heritage, Malaysia|access-date=12 October 2019|pages=5/9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012091056/http://www.heritage.gov.my/media/k2/Warisan%20Dunia/RBSP/RBSP.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The park was further gazetted as a National Heritage Site by the federal government in 2012, and was inscribed on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia#Tentative list|World Heritage Site tentative list]] of [[UNESCO]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6176/|title=Royal Belum State Park|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012090510/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6176/|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Royal Belum State Park also hosts an estimated 304 [[bird]] species, including [[bird migration|migratory]] species, in addition to birds endemic to the three forest reserve areas of Pangkor Island.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post/20180920/281943133795601|title=Birdwatching: An ecotourism potential|author=Ahmad Erwan Othman|newspaper=The Borneo Post|via=[[PressReader]]|date=20 September 2018|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/jurnal/JWP%202009-2010%20VOLUME%2026/JWP%202009-2010%20VOL%2026_10.pdf|title=A Checklist of Birds at Three Forest Reserves of Pangkor Island, Perak|author1=Rahmah Ilias|author2=Hamdon Tak|journal=Journal of Wildlife and Parks|via=Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia|year=2010|access-date=12 October 2019|volume=XXVI|issue=26|pages=71–77|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012115222/http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/jurnal/JWP%202009-2010%20VOLUME%2026/JWP%202009-2010%20VOL%2026_10.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ten [[hornbill]] species are found within the area, including large flocks of the [[plain-pouched hornbill]]. Mammal species include the ''[[Seladang]]'', [[Asian elephant]], and [[Malayan tiger]]. The area is also notable for harbouring high concentrations of at least three ''[[Rafflesia]]'' species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/forest_protect/protect_projects/project_royal_belum/|title=Royal Belum|publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]]|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012114429/http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/forest_protect/protect_projects/project_royal_belum/|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Pulau Sembilan (Nine Islands) State Park in western Perak covers an area of {{convert|214800|hectare|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mybis.gov.my/pa/208|title=Pulau Sembilan|publisher=Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia|via=Malaysia Biodiversity Information System|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013101817/https://www.mybis.gov.my/pa/208|archive-date=13 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its [[coral reefs]] are home to [[coral reef fish]] species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/destinasi-menarik/pulau-sembilan|title=Pulau Sembilan|trans-title=Nine Islands|language=ms|publisher=Manjung Municipal Council|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013102111/http://www.mpm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/destinasi-menarik/pulau-sembilan|archive-date=13 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, 173 freshwater fish species have been identified as native to the state.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Provisional checklist of freshwater fish diversity and distribution in Perak, Malaysia, and some latest taxonomic concerns|author1=Casey Keat Chuan Ng|author2=Teow Yeong Lim|author3=Amirrudin B. Ahmad|author4=Md Zain Khaironizam|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|year=2019|volume=4567|issue=3|pages=zootaxa.4567.3.5|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4567.3.5|pmid=31715885|s2cid=92400943}}</ref> Another natural attraction, the tin-mining ponds in Kinta District, was gazetted as a state park in 2016. The Kinta Nature Park, Perak's third state park, covers an area of {{convert|395.56|hectare|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/10/02/park-becomes-states-newest-treasure-kinta-nature-park-gazetted-as-a-nature-reserve/|title=Kinta Nature Park gazetted as a nature reserve|author=Amanda Yeap|work=The Star|date=2 October 2017|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1619063|title=Kinta nature park never leased out|publisher=Bernama|date=25 July 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013104222/http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1619063|archive-date=13 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Kuhl's Flying Gecko (Ptychozoon kuhli) (8744026399).jpg|thumb|left|Kuhl's flying gecko (''[[Ptychozoon kuhli]]'') in Tapah Hills]]

The government of Perak has stated its commitment to protecting its forests to ensure the survival of [[endangered species|endangered wildlife]] species, and to protect biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/02/23/committed-to-protect-the-forests/|title=Committed to protect the forests|author=Fong Kee Soon|work=The Star|date=23 February 2013|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> The Perak Forestry Department is the state body responsible for forest management and preservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-jabatan/perancangan-pengurusan-hutan.html|title=Forest Management & Planning|publisher=Perak State Forestry Department|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014024825/http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-jabatan/perancangan-pengurusan-hutan.html|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, the state planted some 10.9 million [[tree]]s under the "26 Million Tree Planting Campaign: One Citizen One Tree", associated with global [[Earth Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/tanaman-pokok.html|title=Tree Planting Program|publisher=Perak State Forestry Department|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012064036/http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/tanaman-pokok.html|archive-date=12 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Widespread conversion and reclamation of mangroves and [[mudflat]]s for economic and residential purposes has caused the rapid decline of shore birds, 86% of the reduction on the Malay Peninsula having occurred on Perak's coasts.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kats.gov.my/ms-my/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/A%20Common%20Vision%20on%20Biodiversity.pdf|title=A Common Vision on Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia|year=2008|access-date=14 October 2019|page=7 (23/130)|isbn=978-983-42956-8-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014033539/http://www.kats.gov.my/ms-my/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/A%20Common%20Vision%20on%20Biodiversity.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Poaching]] in forest reserve areas has caused a stark decline in [[mammal]] populations. The Perak State Park Corporation estimates that there were only 23 [[Malayan tiger]]s left within the state's two forest reserves of Royal Belum and Temenggor in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/08/04/only-23-tigers-left-in-royal-belum-temenggor/|title=Only 23 tigers left in Royal Belum, Temenggor|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=4 August 2019|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014034832/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/08/04/only-23-tigers-left-in-royal-belum-temenggor/|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state government of Perak has also been blamed in part for destroying forest reserves for the lucrative [[timber|wood]] and [[palm oil]] businesses. Records since 2009 reveal that more than {{convert|9000|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of permanent forest reserves have been degazetted in the state, the latest occurring within the Bikam Permanent Forest Reserve in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2013/09/malaysia-clearcutting-forest-reserves-for-timber-and-palm-oil/|title=Malaysia clearcutting forest reserves for timber and palm oil|author=Jeremy Hance|publisher=Mongabay|date=26 September 2013|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014041206/https://news.mongabay.com/2013/09/malaysia-clearcutting-forest-reserves-for-timber-and-palm-oil/|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A number of business activities permitted by the state government have caused environmental damage, including to many of Perak's rivers, which require extensive water treatment because of severe pollution.<ref name="land-based pollution sources">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mima.gov.my/images/Land-based_pollution.pdf|title=Pollution from Land-Based Sources|author=Cheryl Rita Kaur|journal=Profile of the Straits of Malacca: Malaysia's Perspectives|via=Maritime Institute of Malaysia|access-date=14 October 2019|pages=129 & 140 (2 & 8)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014045826/http://www.mima.gov.my/images/Land-based_pollution.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/469561/sungai-raja-hitam-falls-under-class-four-needs-extensive-treatment|title=Sungai Raja Hitam falls under Class Four, needs extensive treatment|author=Zahratulhayat Mat Arif|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=15 March 2019|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/05/perak-sets-up-taskforce-to-handle-pollution-in-sungai-rui/|title=Perak sets up task force to handle pollution in Sungai Rui|author=Ili Aqilah|work=The Star|date=5 April 2019|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> Between 1982 and 1994, the state government was embroiled in a [[1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution#Background|radioactive environmental pollution controversy]] over the deaths of seven residents who suffered from [[birth defect]]s and [[leukaemia]] resulting from exposure. The factory involved was only closed and cleaned up following lengthy court action by affected residents and increasing international pressure. No responsibility has been accepted by the associated companies, the state government, or the federal government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/09/business/energy-environment/09rareside.html|title=Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery|author=Keith Bradsher|work=The New York Times|date=8 March 2011|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://consumer.org.my/chronology-of-events-in-the-bukit-merah-asian-rare-earth-development/|title=Chronology of events in the Bukit Merah Asian Rare Earth development|publisher=Penang Consumer Association|date=11 May 2011|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014043946/https://consumer.org.my/chronology-of-events-in-the-bukit-merah-asian-rare-earth-development/|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Perak has the highest number of mangrove reserves of the Malay Peninsula states, with 19 reserves in the mangroves of Matang,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.um.edu.my/docs/librariesprovider7/working-papers/fea-wp-2003-002.pdf|title=Coastal Resource Development in Malaysia: Is There a Need for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management?|author1=Jahara Yahaya|author2=Santha Chenayah Ramu|journal=FEA Working Paper No. 2003-2, Department of Development Studies Faculty of Economics & Administration and Department of Applied Economics Faculty of Economics & Administration|via=University of Malaya|year=2003|access-date=14 October 2019|pages=10 (11)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014053256/https://www.um.edu.my/docs/librariesprovider7/working-papers/fea-wp-2003-002.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> growing uncontrolled clearance of mangroves for [[aquaculture]] projects and residential areas is causing significant [[coastal erosion]] in addition to the damage resulting from [[climate change]].<ref name="land-based pollution sources"/>