Editing Picture superiority effect (section)

== Applications ==

* '''Education (language learning)''': Learners can structure a mental model when processing a picture initially so that no further model construction may be required for subsequent processing of a text. Presenting picture before text is beneficial to students with low prior knowledge (Eitel & Scheiter, 2015<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10648-014-9264-4 |title = Picture or Text First? Explaining Sequence Effects when Learning with Pictures and Text|journal = Educational Psychology Review|volume = 27|pages = 153–180|year = 2015|last1 = Eitel|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Scheiter|first2 = Katharina|s2cid = 145364053}}</ref>). In a similar vein, reading a picture prior to processing textual information improves comprehension levels for students with low prior knowledge (Salmerón, Baccino, Cañas, Madrid, & Fajardo, 2009<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salmerón|first1=Ladislao|last2=Baccino|first2=Thierry|last3=Cañas|first3=Jose J|last4=Madrid|first4=Rafael I|last5=Fajardo|first5=Inmaculada|date=2009|title=Do graphical overviews facilitate or hinder comprehension in hyptertext?|journal=Computers & Education|volume=53|issue=4|pages=1308–1319|doi=10.1016/j.compedu.2009.06.013|hdl=10630/33087|hdl-access=free}}</ref>). Pictures can be more effective than word translation for language learning when individuals are not overconfident in the mnemonic power of pictures{{Vague|date=July 2016}} (Carpenter & Olson, 2011<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=Shana K|last2=Olson|first2=Kellie M|date=2012|title=Are pictures good for learning new vocabulary in a foreign language? Only if you think they are not.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition|doi=10.1037/a0024828|pmid=21787105|volume=38|issue=1|pages=92–101|s2cid=14999915}}</ref>). If they are overconfident, pictures lose superiority over words.
* '''Health communication''': A study by Ally, Gold and Budson (2009)<ref name="ally gold" /> confirm that picture superiority effect was observed among mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic-type mild cognitive impairment (MC). Pictures have a significantly positive effect on four areas of communication: attention, comprehension, recall, and intention/adherence. Health education materials can benefit greatly by adding pictures as pictures can be especially beneficial for people who lack literacy skill (Houts, C.Doak, L.Doak &Loscalzo, 2006<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pec.2005.05.004 |pmid = 16122896|title = The role of pictures in improving health communication: A review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence|journal = Patient Education and Counseling|volume = 61|issue = 2|pages = 173–190|year = 2006|last1 = Houts|first1 = Peter S.|last2 = Doak|first2 = Cecilia C.|last3 = Doak|first3 = Leonard G.|last4 = Loscalzo|first4 = Matthew J.| s2cid=10527197 }}</ref>). Picture superiority effect can be implemented in creating materials for health communication that inclusion of fearful or disgusting images led to improved recognition memory in comparison with the condition without a presence of image (Leshner, Vultee, Bolls & Moore, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leshner|first1=Glenn|last2=Volte|first2=Fred|last3=Bolls|first3=Paul D|last4=Moore|first4=Jensen|date=2010|title=When a fear appeal isn't just a fear appeal: The effects of graphic anti-tobacco messages|journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media|volume=54|issue=3|pages=485–507|doi=10.1080/08838151.2010.498850|s2cid=144001133}}</ref>).
*'''Advertising''': Percy and Rossiter<ref>{{Cite book|title=A theory-based approach to pretesting advertising|last1=Percy|first1=Larry|last2=Rossiter|first2=John R|publisher=WD Wells|year=1997|pages=295}}</ref> (1997, p.&nbsp;295) stated, "The picture is the most important structural element in magazine advertising, for both consumer and business audiences." Visually framed messages were more effective under the condition where the audience was less motivated and had less ability to process information semantically. Visual ads require less exposure than verbal ads for long-term memory effect (Childers & Houston, 1984<ref name=":1" />).  The pictorial component in the ad is more likely to be viewed before words, and it generates an expectation for the verbal component of the ad (Houston, Childers & Heckler, 1987<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Houston|first1=Michael J|last2=Childers|first2=Terry L|last3=Heckler|first3=Susan E|date=1987|title=Picture-word consistency and the elaborative processing of advertisements|journal=Journal of Marketing Research|volume=24|issue=4|pages=359|doi=10.2307/3151383|jstor=3151383}}</ref>). Maximizing the size of pictures regardless of advertising contents will improve attention to the entire advertisement as pictures draw significant attention to baseline in the ads (Pieters & Wedel, 2004<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1509/jmkg.68.2.36.27794 | title=Attention Capture and Transfer in Advertising: Brand, Pictorial, and Text-Size Effects| journal=Journal of Marketing| volume=68| issue=2| pages=36–50| year=2004| last1=Pieters| first1=Rik| last2=Wedel| first2=Michel| s2cid=15259684|author2-link= Michel Wedel}}</ref>).