Editing Plantar fasciitis (section)

===Surgery===
Plantar [[fasciotomy]] is a surgical treatment and the last resort for refractory plantar fasciitis pain. If plantar fasciitis does not resolve after six months of conservative treatment, then the procedure is considered as a last resort.<ref name="Goff_2011"/><ref name="Tu_2011"/> Minimally invasive and endoscopic approaches to plantar fasciotomy exist but require a specialist who is familiar with specific equipment. The availability of these surgical techniques is limited as of 2012.<ref name="Cutts_2012"/> A 2012 study found 76% of people who underwent endoscopic plantar fasciotomy had complete relief of their symptoms and had few complications (level IV evidence).<ref name="Lareau_2014"/> [[Heel spur]] removal during plantar fasciotomy does not appear to improve the surgical outcome.<ref name="Thomas_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas JL, Christensen JC, Kravitz SR, Mendicino RW, Schuberth JM, Vanore JV, Weil LS, Zlotoff HJ, Bouché R, Baker J | display-authors = 6 | title = The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain: a clinical practice guideline-revision 2010 | journal = The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery | volume = 49 | issue = 3 Suppl | pages = S1-19 | date = May–June 2010 | pmid = 20439021 | doi = 10.1053/j.jfas.2010.01.001 | s2cid = 3199352 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Plantar heel pain may occur for multiple reasons. In select cases, surgeons may perform a release of the [[lateral plantar nerve]] alongside the plantar fasciotomy.<ref name="Cutts_2012"/><ref name="Thomas_2010"/> Possible complications of plantar fasciotomy include nerve injury, instability of the [[medial longitudinal arch]] of the foot,<ref name="Tweed_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tweed JL, Barnes MR, Allen MJ, Campbell JA | title = Biomechanical consequences of total plantar fasciotomy: a review of the literature | journal = Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association | volume = 99 | issue = 5 | pages = 422–430 | date = September–October 2009 | pmid = 19767549 | doi = 10.7547/0990422 }}</ref> fracture of the [[calcaneus]], prolonged recovery time, infection, rupture of the plantar fascia, and failure to improve the pain.<ref name="Goff_2011"/> [[Radiofrequency ablation|Coblation]] surgery has recently been proposed as an alternative surgical approach for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis.<ref name="Thomas_2010"/>

Gastrocnemius recession is a surgical procedure that involves lengthening the [[gastrocnemius muscle]] to reduce tension in the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia. This technique improves the ankle's range of motion, reduces pain, and can help patients return to work, sports, and weight-bearing activities more comfortably. The procedure is particularly beneficial for individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion (upward bending) due to tight calf muscles, which can exacerbate plantar fasciitis symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arshad Z, Aslam A, Razzaq MA, Bhatia M | title = Gastrocnemius Release in the Management of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review | journal = Foot & Ankle International | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 568–575 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 34766860 | pmc = 8996295 | doi = 10.1177/10711007211052290 }}</ref>