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Polabian language
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====Masculine and neuter nouns==== Masculine and neuter nouns are divided into two groups: those ending in -ă in the nominative singular those ending in anything else. Nouns ending in -ă probably took a feminine declension in the singular, as in other Slavic languages, but this is difficult to assert due to the fact that such nouns are known in the documents only in the nominative singular form. The second group of nouns is divided into a number of subtypes. The dual forms of masculine and neuter nouns are not attested.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=102—106}} Within the singular, the following can be seen: * Masculine nouns in the nominative are characterized by [[Null morpheme|zero endings]]: ''dåzd'' (“rain”), in addition, forms with the ending ''-ă'' are preserved : ''l̥ol̥ă'' (“father”), ''vau̯jă'' (“uncle”), and one form with the ending ''-åi̯'': ''komåi̯'' (“stone”). In the neuter gender, there are groups of nouns with endings ''-ü'': ''l̥otü'' (“summer”, “year”), ''-i'': ''püli'' (“field”), ''-ĕ'': ''gńozdĕ'' (“nest”) and ''-ą''/''-ă'': ''jai̯mą''/''jai̯mă'' (“name”). * The masculine genitive singular endings are ''-o'' and ''-ă'': ''bügo'' (“god”), ''zai̯våtă'' (“life”, “belly”), ''-au̯''/''-åi̯'' or -ĕ: ''sned'au̯'' (“snow”), ''pelåi̯nĕ'' (“wormwood”). The genitive singular neuter endings ''-o'' or ''-ă'': ''pöl l̥oto'' (“six months”), ''mlåkă'' (“milk”), ''vai̯nă'' (“wine”). * Masculine and neuter nouns in the dative case end in ''-au̯'' , ''-ai̯'', and ''-ĕ'': ''büd'au̯'' (“to God”), ''kå bezońĕ'' (“to run”). The first two endings differ by dialects, the third (reduced), unlike the first two, depends on the place of stress in the word. T. Ler-Splavinsky and some other scholars interpreted the endings ''-aw'' , ''-af'' , and ''-âw'' as the ending of the masculine dative case ''-åvĕ'' (from *''-ovi''), the authors of modern works on the Polabian language (K. Polyansky and others) are inclined to see the diphthong ''-au̯'' in these endings. * Animate masculine nouns in the accusative are [[Syncretism (linguistics)|syncretic]] with the genitive case, and for inanimate masculine nouns and all neuter nouns, the accusative is syncretic with the nominative case. * Masculine and neuter nouns in the instrumental singularend in ''-åm'': ''prid gordåm'' (“before the court”), ''prid l̥otåm'' (“before a year”). * Most masculine and neuter nouns in the locative singular end in ''-e'' or ''-ă'': ''vå хlăde'' (“in the shadow”), ''vå vetră'' (“in the wind”. Velar consonants show alternation in this case: ''dek'' (“roof”)||''no decă'' (“on the roof”), ''krig'' (“war”)||''no kriʒe'' (“at war”). Masculine nouns whose stems end in a soft consonant take the ending ''-ĕ'': ''no pǫt'ĕ'' (“on the way/path”), ''no våtåi̯ńĕ'' (“on the fence”). A number of neuter nouns are characterized by the ending ''-ai̯'': ''no mărai̯'' (“at the sea”), ''vå pülai̯'' (“in the field”). Within the plural, the following can be seen: * Nouns in the nominative plural are characterized by a wide variety of endings: ''-ai̯''/''-ĕ'', ''-e'', ''-üvĕ'', ''-i'', ''-åi̯''/''-ĕ'', and ''-ă'' - ''lesai̯'' (“forests”), ''ṕåsĕ''/''pasai̯'' (“dogs”), ''nüze'' (“knives”), ''polcă'' (“fingers”). Since the nominative and accusative plural are syncretic, it is sometimes difficult or impossible to tell which case is attested in texts. * The masculine genitive plural is characterized by endings ''-Ø'' and ''-üv'': ''ai̯ dåvüх gråi̯k'' (“at two pears”), ''cai̯stĕ priz grех́üv'' (“pure (free) from sins”). Neuter nouns only take the ending ''-Ø''. * Only one example of the dative plural of masculine nouns is attested, formed with the ending ''-üm'': ''gresnărüm'' ("sinners"). {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center;" ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Case ! colspan="3" |Singular |- ! style="width:150px" |Masculine ! style="width:150px" |Neuter |- ! Nominative | ''-Ø'', ''-ă'', ''-åi̯'' | ''-ü'', ''-i'' : ''-ĕ'', ''-ą'' : ''-ă'' |- ! Genitive | ''-o'' : ''-ă'', ''-au̯'' : ''-åi̯'' | ''-o'' : ''-ă'' |- ! Dative |colspan="3" |''-au̯'' : ''-ai̯'' : ''-ĕ'' |- ! Accusative |colspan="3" | = {{sc|nom (inanimate) or gen (animate}} |- ! Instrumental |colspan="3" | ''-åm'' |- ! Prepositional |colspan="3" | ''-e'' : ''-ă'', ''-ai̯'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center;" ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Case ! colspan="3" |Plural |- ! style="width:150px" |Masculine ! style="width:150px" |Neuter |- ! Nominative | ''-ai̯'' : ''-åi̯'', ''-ĕ'', -e, ''-üvĕ'', ''-i'' | ''-a'' |- ! Genitive | ''-üv'' : ''-ev'', ''-Ø'' | ''-Ø'' |- ! Dative | ''-üm'' | ''–'' |- ! Accusative |colspan="3" | = {{sc|nom (inanimate) or gen (animate}} |- ! Instrumental | ''-ĕ'' | ''–'' |- ! Prepositional | ''–'' | ''-åх'' |}
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