Editing Programmed cell death (section)

===Other types===
{{See also|PANoptosis}}
Besides the above two types of PCD, other pathways have been discovered.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |vauthors=Kroemer G, Martin SJ |year = 2005
 |title = Caspase-independent cell death
 |journal = [[Nature Medicine]]
 |volume = 11 |issue = 7 |pages = 725–30
 |pmid = 16015365
 |doi = 10.1038/nm1263
|s2cid = 8264709
 }}</ref>
Called "non-apoptotic programmed cell-death" (or "[[caspase]]-independent programmed cell-death" or "necroptosis"), these alternative routes to death are as efficient as apoptosis and can function as either backup mechanisms or the main type of PCD.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

Other forms of programmed cell death include [[anoikis]], almost identical to apoptosis except in its induction; [[cornification]], a form of cell death exclusive to the epidermis; [[excitotoxicity]]; [[ferroptosis]], an iron-dependent form of cell death<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dixon Scott J. |author2=Lemberg Kathryn M. |author3=Lamprecht Michael R. |author4=Skouta Rachid |author5=Zaitsev Eleina M. |author6=Gleason Caroline E. |author7=Patel Darpan N. |author8=Bauer Andras J. |author9=Cantley Alexandra M. | title = Ferroptosis: An Iron-Dependent Form of Nonapoptotic Cell Death | url= | journal = Cell | volume = 149 | issue = 5| pages = 1060–1072 | doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.042|pmid=22632970 |display-authors=etal|year=2012 |pmc=3367386 }}</ref> and [[Wallerian degeneration]].

[[Necroptosis]] is a programmed form of necrosis, or inflammatory cell death. Conventionally, necrosis is associated with unprogrammed cell death resulting from cellular damage or infiltration by pathogens, in contrast to orderly, programmed cell death via [[apoptosis]]. [[Nemosis]] is another programmed form of necrosis that takes place in [[fibroblasts]].<ref name="bizik2004">{{cite journal |author1=Jozef Bizik |author2=Esko Kankuri |author3=Ari Ristimäki |author4=Alain Taieb |author5=Heikki Vapaatalo |author6=Werner Lubitz |author7=Antti Vaheri |year=2004 |title=Cell-cell contacts trigger programmed necrosis and induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression. |journal=Cell Death and Differentiation |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=183–195 |pmid=14555963 |doi=10.1038/sj.cdd.4401317|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Eryptosis]] is a form of suicidal [[erythrocyte]] death.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lang|first1=F|last2=Lang|first2=KS|last3=Lang|first3=PA|last4=Huber|first4=SM|last5=Wieder|first5=T|title=Mechanisms and significance of eryptosis.|journal=Antioxidants & Redox Signaling|volume=8|issue=7–8|pages=1183–92|pmid=16910766|doi=10.1089/ars.2006.8.1183|year=2006}}</ref>

Aponecrosis is a hybrid of apoptosis and necrosis and refers to an incomplete apoptotic process that is completed by necrosis.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Formigli | first1 = L |display-authors=etal  | year = 2000 | title = aponecrosis: morphological and biochemical exploration of a syncretic process of cell death sharing apoptosis and necrosis | journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology | volume = 182 | issue = 1| pages = 41–49 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(200001)182:1<41::aid-jcp5>3.0.co;2-7| pmid = 10567915 | s2cid = 20064300 }}</ref>

[[NETosis]] is the process of cell-death generated by neutrophils, resulting in [[Neutrophil extracellular traps|NETs]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fadini|first1=GP|last2=Menegazzo|first2=L|last3=Scattolini|first3=V|last4=Gintoli|first4=M|last5=Albiero|first5=M|last6=Avogaro|first6=A|title=A perspective on NETosis in diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders.|journal=Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases|date=25 November 2015|pmid=26719220|doi=10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.008|volume=26|issue=1|pages=1–8}}</ref>

[[Paraptosis]] is another type of nonapoptotic cell death that is mediated by [[MAPK]] through the activation of [[Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor|IGF-1]]. It's characterized by the intracellular formation of vacuoles and swelling of mitochondria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Histology: A Text and Atlas|last=Ross|first=Michael|year=2016|isbn=978-1451187427|edition=7th|pages=94|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health }}</ref>

[[Pyroptosis]], an inflammatory type of cell death, is uniquely mediated by [[caspase 1]], an enzyme not involved in apoptosis, in response to infection by certain microorganisms.<ref name=":0" />

Plant cells undergo particular processes of PCD similar to autophagic cell death. However, some common features of PCD are highly conserved in both plants and metazoa.{{cn|date=November 2024}}