Editing Protected area (section)

==Challenges==
[[File:Swiss National Park 188.JPG|thumb|Schweizerischer National Park in the [[Swiss Alps]] is a Strict Nature Reserve (Category Ia).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Schweizerischer_Nationalpark_Swiss_National_Park/|title=Schweizerischer Nationalpark – Protected Planet}}</ref>]]
[[File:Elephant safari.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Jaldapara National Park]] in West Bengal, India, is a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Jaldapara_Sanctuary/|title=Jaldapara – Protected Planet}}</ref>]]

How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges<ref name="MoraAndSale2011"/> – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of the many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set of guidelines.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hermoso|first1=Virgilio|last2=Abell|first2=Robin|last3=Linke|first3=Simon|last4=Boon|first4=Philip|title=The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world.|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|date=2016|volume=26|issue=S1|pages=3–11|doi=10.1002/aqc.2681|bibcode=2016ACMFE..26S...3H |s2cid=88786689 }}</ref>

Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.conservationrefugees.org/pdfdoc/EvictionforConservation.pdf/Eviction|title=for Conservation: A Global Overview, Dan Brockington and Jim Igoe. Accessed: 18 April 2011}}</ref> This has troubled relationships between conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal [[bushmeat]] or [[Trophy hunting|trophy]] trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence.<ref name="MoraAndSale2011"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3667560.stm/|title=BBC News: A Battle for DR Congo's Wildlife}}</ref> Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Poachers target endangered animals in protected areas, study finds {{!}} DW {{!}} 18 April 2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/poachers-target-endangered-animals-in-protected-areas-study-finds/a-38464676 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce [[Anti-poaching|laws]] and implement new policies to adhere to the initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2015 |title=Wildlife Trafficking |url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/wildlife-trafficking |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/about-protected-areas_163.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416003240/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/about-protected-areas_163.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|title=About Protected Areas|date=16 April 2013|website=archive.is|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=Pringle2017>{{cite journal|last=Pringle|first=Robert M. |title=Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity|journal=Nature |volume=546 |issue=7656 |pages=91–99 |year=2017 |pmid=28569807 |doi=10.1038/nature22902|bibcode=2017Natur.546...91P |s2cid=4387383 }}</ref>

In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without the infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food, feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/18345|title=Middle East's investments in African farmlands are rooted in food security fears|website=farmlandgrab.org}}</ref>

'''Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement''' '''(PADDD)'''

[[Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement]] (PADDD) events are processes that change the legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments.<ref name="Mascia and Pailler 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Mascia|first1=Michael B.|last2=Pailler|first2=Sharon|title=Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) and Its Conservation Implications|journal=Conservation Letters|date=2011|volume=4|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00147.x|bibcode=2011ConL....4....9M |s2cid=54722277|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Roberts et al. 2018">{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Kelsey E.|title=Measuring progress in marine protection: A new set of metrics to evaluate the strength of marine protected area networks|journal=Biological Conservation|date=2018|volume=219|pages=20–27|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.004|bibcode=2018BCons.219...20R |display-authors=etal|url=http://marxiv.org/t2835/}}</ref> Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area.<ref name="Mascia and Pailler 2011"/> Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of a protected area.

Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico.<ref name="Golden Kroner et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Golden Kroner|first1=Rachel E.|title=The uncertain future of protected lands and waters|journal=Science|date=2019|volume=364|issue=6443|pages=881–886|doi=10.1126/science.aau5525|pmid=31147519|bibcode=2019Sci...364..881G|s2cid=171092917|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon.<ref name="Mascia and Pailler 2011"/> 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least 14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals.<ref name="Golden Kroner et al. 2019"/> Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization.<ref name="Golden Kroner et al. 2019"/>

PADDD challenges the longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence.<ref name="Mascia and Pailler 2011"/><ref name="Symes et al. 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Symes|first1=William S.|title=Why do we lose protected areas? Factors influencing protected area downgrading, downsizing and degazettement in the tropics and subtropics|journal=Global Change Biology|date=2016|volume=22|issue=2|pages=656–665|doi=10.1111/gcb.13089|pmid=26367139|bibcode=2016GCBio..22..656S|s2cid=2903238 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>