Editing Pyrethrin (section)

==Environmental effects==

===Aquatic habitats===
In aquatic settings, toxicity of pyrethrin fluctuates, increasing with rising temperatures, water, and acidity. Run-off after application has become a concern for sediment-dwelling aquatic organisms because pyrethroids can accumulate in these areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins |publisher=EPA |date=Dec 2013 |url=http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/pyrethroids-pyrethrins.html}}</ref> Aquatic life is extremely susceptible to pyrethrin toxicity, and has been documented in species such as the [[lake trout]]. Although pyrethrins are quickly metabolized by birds and most mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates lack the ability to metabolize these compounds, leading to a toxic accumulation of byproducts.<ref name="Pyrethrins 1994"/> To combat the accumulation of pyrethroids in bodies of water, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) has introduced two labeling initiatives. The Environmental Hazard and General Labeling for Pyrethroid and Synergized Pyrethrins Non-Agricultural Outdoor Products was revised in 2013 to reduce runoff into bodies of water after use in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial areas.<ref name="US EPA 2013">{{cite web |title=Environmental Hazard and General Labeling for Pyrethroid Non-Agricultural Outdoor Products |url=http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/environmental-hazard-statment.html |publisher=EPA |date=Feb 2013}}</ref> The Pyrethroid Spray Drift Initiative updated language for labeling all pyrethroid products to be used on agricultural crops.<ref name="US EPA 2013"/> Because of its high toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates even at low doses, the EPA recommends alternatives such as pesticide-free methods or alternative chemicals that are less harmful to the surrounding aquatic environment.<ref>"Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, Dec. 2013. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/pyrethroids-pyrethrins.html#eco></ref>

==== Terrestrial Habitats ====
Pyrethrin is mainly used on land and can also have impacts in the places that it is used. For instance pyrethrin has the ability to be persistent in the fields that it is sprayed on. This persistence in crops can lead to negative effects for meat production.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Farag |first1=Mayada R. |last2=Alagawany |first2=Mahmoud |last3=Bilal |first3=Rana M. |last4=Gewida |first4=Ahmed G. A. |last5=Dhama |first5=Kuldeep |last6=Abdel-Latif |first6=Hany M. R. |last7=Amer |first7=Mahmoud S. |last8=Rivero-Perez |first8=Nallely |last9=Zaragoza-Bastida |first9=Adrian |last10=Binnaser |first10=Yaser S. |last11=Batiha |first11=Gaber El-Saber |last12=Naiel |first12=Mohammed A. E. |date=2021-06-25 |title=An Overview on the Potential Hazards of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Fish, with Special Emphasis on Cypermethrin Toxicity |journal=Animals |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=1880 |doi=10.3390/ani11071880 |pmc=8300353 |pmid=34201914|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Bees===
Pyrethrins are applied broadly as nonspecific insecticides. [[Bees]] have been shown to be particularly sensitive to pyrethrin, with fatal doses as small as 0.02 micrograms.<ref name="xerces.org"/> Due to this sensitivity and [[pollinator decline]], pyrethrins are recommended to be applied at night to avoid typical pollinating hours, and in liquid rather than dust form.<ref>Hooven, L., R. Sagili, and E. Johansen. "How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides." (n.d.): n. pag. Oregon State University, Dec. 2006. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PMG/pnw591.pdf></ref>