Editing Qualcomm (section)

====Holy wars of wireless====
After the FCC said carriers were allowed to implement standards not approved by the CTIA, Qualcomm began pitching its CDMA technology directly to carriers.<ref name="Mock2005" /> This started what is often referred to as "the Holy Wars of Wireless", an often heated debate about whether TDMA or CDMA was better suited for 2G networks.<ref name="Mock2005" />{{RP|117–120}} Qualcomm-supported CDMA standards eventually unseated TDMA as the more popular 2G standard in North America, due to its network capacity.<ref name="bw3" />

Qualcomm conducted CDMA test demonstrations in 1989<ref name="Klemens2010" /> in San Diego and in 1990 in New York City.<ref name="thanks" /><ref name="Chen2007" /> In 1990, [[NYNEX|Nynex Mobile Communications]] and [[Ameritech Mobile Communications]] were the first carriers to implement CDMA networks instead of TDMA.<ref name="thanks">{{Cite news |last1=Armstrong |first1=Larry |last2=Therrien |first2=Lois |last3=Coy |first3=Peter |date=August 20, 1990 |title=Bolting from the cellular herd |work=BusinessWeek}}</ref> [[Motorola]], a prior TDMA advocate, conducted CDMA test implementations in Hong Kong and Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 20, 1990 |title=Motorola Shift On Technology |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/20/business/motorola-shift-on-technology.html |access-date=July 17, 2014 |archive-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904102122/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/20/business/motorola-shift-on-technology.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsjalpha">{{Cite news |last=Hardy |first=Quentin |date=September 6, 1996 |title=Jacobs's Patter: An Inventor's Promise Has Companies Taking Big Cellular Gamble --- Qualcomm Boss's Innovation In Digital-Phone System Is Problematic – and Late --- Are Claims Hope or Hype? |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> This was followed by a $2 million trial network in San Diego for [[AirTouch|Airtouch Communications]].<ref name="bw3" /><ref name="Chen2007">{{Cite book |last=Hsiao-Hwa Chen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMfG0kuaL-kC&pg=PA178 |title=The Next Generation CDMA Technologies |date=August 20, 2007 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-02295-5 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819061201/https://books.google.com/books?id=eMfG0kuaL-kC&pg=PA178 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{RP|177}} In November 1991, 14 carriers and manufacturers conducted large-scale CDMA field tests.<ref name="bw3" /><ref name="international">{{Cite book |last=Gale Group |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/qualcomm-incorporated-history/ |title=International Directory of Company Histories |date=December 2, 2002 |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=978-1-55862-476-4 |access-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126075549/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/qualcomm-incorporated-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Results from the test implementations convinced CTIA to re-open discussions regarding CDMA and the 2G standard.<ref name="PhD2010">{{Cite book |last=William A. Cohen, PhD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CevTu1VbrgEC&pg=PT60 |title=Heroic Leadership: Leading with Integrity and Honor |date=May 24, 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40501-7 |page=60 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070457/https://books.google.com/books?id=CevTu1VbrgEC&pg=PT60 |url-status=live }}</ref> CTIA changed its position and supported CDMA in 1993,<ref name="bw3" /> adopting Qualcomm's CDMA as the IS-95A standard, also known as cdmaOne.<ref name="LemstraHayes2010">{{Cite book |last1=Lemstra |first1=Wolter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA29 |title=The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road to Global Success |last2=Hayes |first2=Vic |last3=Groenewegen |first3=John |date=November 18, 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49257-7 |pages=29 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819170233/https://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> This prompted widespread criticism in forums, trade press, and conventions from businesses that had already invested heavily in the TDMA standard and from TDMA's developer, Ericsson.<ref name="bw3" /><ref name="PhD2010" />

The first commercial-scale CDMA cellular network was created in Hong Kong in 1995.<ref name="LemstraHayes2010" /> On July 21, 1995, [[Primeco]], which represented a joint venture of [[Bell Atlantic]], [[Nynex]], [[US West]] and [[AirTouch|AirTouch Communications]], announced it was going to implement CDMA-based services<ref name="bw3" /> on networks in 15 states.<ref name="LemstraHayes2010" /> By this time, 11 out of 14 of the world's largest networks supported CDMA.<ref name="bw3" /><ref name="economist">{{Cite news |date=July 29, 1995 |title=Shorts circuited: cellular phones. (US cellular telephone industry backs Qualcomm's code-division multiple access technology) |work=The Economist (US) |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17388504.html |access-date=July 16, 2014}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> By 1997 CDMA had 57 percent of the US market, whereas 14 percent of the market was on TDMA.<ref name="bw3" />