Editing Recall (memory) (section)

==Neuroanatomy==
The [[anterior cingulate cortex]], [[globus pallidus]], [[thalamus]], and [[cerebellum]] show higher activation during recall than during recognition which suggests that these components of the cerebello-frontal pathway play a role in recall processes that they do not in recognition. Although recall and recognition are considered separate processes, they are both most likely constitute components of distributed networks of brain regions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cabeza | first1 = R. | last2 = Kapur | first2 = S. | last3 = Craik | first3 = F.I.M. | last4 = McIntosh | first4 = A.R. | last5 = Houle | first5 = S. | last6 = Tulving | first6 = E. | year = 1997 | title = Functional neuroanatomy of recall and recognition: A PET study of episodic memory | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 254–265 | doi=10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.254 | pmid=23962015| s2cid = 38414824 }}</ref>

[[File:cerebellum.gif|thumb|right|alt=Cerebellum|[[Cerebellum]] highlighted in red]] 
[[File:Globus pallidus.svg|thumb|left|alt=|[[Globus pallidus]] highlighted in red]]

According to neuroimaging data, [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] studies on recall and recognition have consistently found increases in regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) in the following six brain regions: (1) the [[prefrontal cortex]], particularly on the right hemisphere; (2) the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions of the medial temporal lobe; (3) the anterior cingulate cortex; (4) the posterior midline area that includes posterior cingulate, retrosplenial (see [[retrosplenial region]]), [[precuneus]], and cuneus regions; (5) the inferior parietal cortex, especially on the right hemisphere; and (6) the cerebellum, particularly on the left.<ref name="Kapur">{{cite journal | last1 = Kapur | first1 = S. | last2 = Craik | first2 = E I. M. | last3 = Jones | first3 = C. | last4 = Brown | first4 = G. M. | last5 = Houle | first5 = S. | last6 = Tulving | first6 = E. | year = 1995 | title = Functional role of the prefrontal cortex in memory retrieval: A PET study | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 6 | issue = 14| pages = 1880–1884 | doi=10.1097/00001756-199510020-00014 | pmid=8547589| s2cid = 21792266 }}</ref><ref name="Nyberg">{{cite journal | last1 = Nyberg | first1 = L. | last2 = Tulving | first2 = E. | last3 = Habib | first3 = R. | last4 = Nilsson | first4 = L.G. | last5 = Kapur | first5 = S. | last6 = Houle | first6 = S. | last7 = Cabeza | first7 = R. | last8 = McIntosh | first8 = A. R. | year = 1995 | title = Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 249–252 | doi=10.1097/00001756-199512000-00060| pmid = 8742463 | s2cid = 33363626 }}</ref>
[[File:Hippocampus.gif|thumb|left|alt=|[[Hippocampus]] highlighted in red]]

The specific role of each of the six main regions in episodic retrieval is still unclear, but some ideas have been suggested. The right prefrontal cortex has been related to retrieval attempt;<ref name="Kapur"/><ref name="Nyberg"/> the medial temporal lobes to conscious recollection;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schacter | first1 = D. L. | last2 = Alpert | first2 = N. M. | last3 = Savage | first3 = C. R. | last4 = Rauch | first4 = S. L. | last5 = Albert | first5 = M. S. | year = 1996 | title = Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 93 | issue = 1| pages = 321–325 | doi=10.1073/pnas.93.1.321| pmid = 8552630 | pmc = 40230 | bibcode = 1996PNAS...93..321S | doi-access = free }}</ref> the anterior cingulate to response selection;<ref name="Fletcher">{{cite journal | last1 = Fletcher | first1 = I. | last2 = Frith | first2 = C. D. | last3 = Grasby | last4 = Shallice | first4 = T. | last5 = Frackowiak | first5 = R.S.J. | last6 = Dolan | first6 = R.J. | year = 1995 | title = Brain systems for encoding and retrieval of auditory-verbal memory: An in vivo study in humans | journal = Brain | volume = 118 | issue = 2| pages = 401–416 | doi=10.1093/brain/118.2.401| pmid = 7735882 | hdl = 21.11116/0000-0001-A1FC-D | hdl-access = free }}</ref> the posterior midline region to imagery;<ref name="Kapur"/><ref name="Fletcher"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Grasby | first1 = F. | last2 = Frith | first2 = C. D. | last3 = Friston | first3 = K. J. | last4 = Bench | first4 = C. | last5 = Frackowiak | first5 = R. S. J. | last6 = Dolan | first6 = R. J. | year = 1993 | title = Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function | journal = Brain | volume = 116 | pages = 1–20 | doi=10.1093/brain/116.1.1| pmid = 8453452 | hdl = 21.11116/0000-0001-A182-5 | s2cid = 17310285 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shallice | first1 = T. | last2 = Fletcher | first2 = I. | last3 = Frith | first3 = C. D. | last4 = Grasby | first4 = I. | last5 = Frackowiak | first5 = R. S. J. | last6 = Dolan | first6 = R. J. | year = 1994 | title = Brain regions associated with acquisition and retrieval of verbal episodic memory | journal = Nature | volume = 368 | issue = 6472| pages = 633–635 | doi=10.1038/368633a0 | pmid=8145849| hdl = 21.11116/0000-0001-A038-B | bibcode = 1994Natur.368..633S | s2cid = 4311243 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> the inferior parietal to awareness of space;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tulving | first1 = E. | author-link3 = Hans Markowitsch | last2 = Kapur | first2 = S. | last3 = Markowitsch | first3 = H. J. | last4 = Craik | first4 = E I. M. | last5 = Habib | first5 = R. | last6 = Houle | first6 = S. | year = 1994 | title = Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: Auditory sentence recognition | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 91 | issue = 6| pages = 2012–2015 | doi=10.1073/pnas.91.6.2012 | pmid=8134341 | pmc=43299| bibcode = 1994PNAS...91.2012T | doi-access = free }}</ref> and the cerebellum to self-initiated retrieval .<ref>Backman, L., Almkvist, O., Andersson, J., Nordberg, A., Winblad, B., Reineck, R., & Lingstrom, B. Brain activation in young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, (9) 3.</ref>
[[File:gray727.svg|thumb|right|alt=Cerebellum|[[Anterior cingulate cortex]]]]

In recent research, a group of subjects was faced with remembering a list of items and then measured when trying to recall said items. The evoked potentials and [[hemodynamic]] activity measured during encoding were found to exhibit reliable differences between subsequently recalled and not recalled items. This effect has been termed the subsequent memory effect (SME).<ref>Rugg MD, Allan K (2000) Event-related potential studies of memory. In: The oxford handbook of memory (Tulving E, Craik FIM, eds), pp 521–537. Oxford: Oxford UP.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Paller | first1 = KA | last2 = Wagner | first2 = AD | year = 2002 | title = Observing the transformation of experience into memory | journal = Trends Cogn Sci | volume = 6 | issue = 2| pages = 93–102 | doi=10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01845-3| pmid = 15866193 | s2cid = 12212791 }}</ref> This difference in these specific brain regions determines whether or not an item is recalled. A study by Fernandez et al. has shown that the differences that predict recall appear both as a negative deflection in the [[rhinal cortex]] of an [[Event-related potential|event-related potential (ERP)]] 400&nbsp;ms after stimulus exposure, and as a positive hippocampal ERP beginning 800&nbsp;ms after stimulus onset.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fernandez | first1 = G | last2 = Effern | first2 = A | last3 = Grunwald | first3 = T | last4 = Pezer | first4 = N | last5 = Lehnertz | first5 = K | last6 = Dumpelmann | first6 = M | last7 = Van Roost | first7 = D | last8 = Elger | first8 = CE | year = 1999 | title = Real-time tracking of memory formation in the human rhinal cortex and hippocampus | journal = Science | volume = 285 | issue = 5433| pages = 1582–1585 | doi=10.1126/science.285.5433.1582| pmid = 10477525 | s2cid = 17120932 }}</ref> This means that recall only occurs if these two brain regions (rhinal cortex and hippocampus) are activated in synchrony.