Editing Rubidium (section)

==Applications==
[[File:USNO rubidium fountain.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A rubidium fountain [[atomic clock]] at the [[United States Naval Observatory]]]]
Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in [[fireworks]] to give them a purple color.<ref>{{Cite journal |first = E.-C. |last = Koch |title = Special Materials in Pyrotechnics, Part II: Application of Caesium and Rubidium Compounds in Pyrotechnics |journal = Journal Pyrotechnics |date = 2002 |volume = 15 |pages = 9–24 |url = http://www.jpyro.com/wp/?p=179 |access-date = 2010-01-29 |archive-date = 2011-07-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713122322/http://www.jpyro.com/wp/?p=179 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Rubidium has also been considered for use in a [[thermoelectric generator]] using the [[magnetohydrodynamics|magnetohydrodynamic]] principle, whereby hot rubidium ions are passed through a [[magnetic field]].<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=59XvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22rubidium%22+%22magnetohydrodynamic%22 |page = 193 |title = Chemical principles |isbn = 978-0-06-040808-4 |author1 = Boikess, Robert S |author2 = Edelson, Edward |date = 1981|publisher = Harper & Row }}</ref> These conduct electricity and act like an [[armature (electrical engineering)|armature]] of a generator, thereby generating an [[electric current]]. Rubidium, particularly vaporized <sup>87</sup>Rb, is one of the most commonly used atomic species employed for [[laser cooling]] and [[Bose–Einstein condensation]]. Its desirable features for this application include the ready availability of inexpensive [[diode laser]] light at the relevant [[wavelength]] and the moderate temperatures required to obtain substantial vapor pressures.<ref>{{cite journal |journal = Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology |url = http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/101/4/cnt101-4.htm |title = Bose-Einstein condensation (all 20 articles) |date = 1996 |volume = 101 |issue = 4 |pages = 419–618 |author = Eric Cornell |display-authors = etal |doi = 10.6028/jres.101.045 |pmid = 27805098 |pmc = 4907621 |access-date = 2015-09-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111014234040/http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/101/4/cnt101-4.htm |archive-date = 2011-10-14 |url-status = dead }}</ref><!--All the 20 article are valid because they all describe the use of rubidium for Bose-Einstein condensation --><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/32/12/322 | title = Output coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate formed in a TOP trap | date = 1999 | last1 = Martin | first1 = J. L. | last2 = McKenzie | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Thomas | first3 = N. R. | last4 = Sharpe | first4 = J. C. | last5 = Warrington | first5 = D. M. | last6 = Manson | first6 = P. J. | last7 = Sandle | first7 = W. J. | last8 = Wilson | first8 = A. C. | journal = Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics | volume = 32 | issue = 12 | pages = 3065|arxiv = cond-mat/9904007 |bibcode = 1999JPhB...32.3065M | s2cid = 119359668 }}</ref> For cold-atom applications requiring tunable interactions, <sup>85</sup>Rb is preferred for its rich [[Feshbach resonance|Feshbach spectrum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chin |first1=Cheng |last2=Grimm |first2=Rudolf |last3=Julienne |first3=Paul |last4=Tiesinga |first4=Eite |date=2010-04-29 |title=Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=1225–1286 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1225 |bibcode=2010RvMP...82.1225C |arxiv=0812.1496|s2cid=118340314 }}</ref>

Rubidium has been used for polarizing [[Helium-3|<sup>3</sup>He]], producing volumes of magnetized <sup>3</sup>He gas, with the nuclear spins aligned rather than random. Rubidium vapor is optically pumped by a laser, and the polarized Rb polarizes <sup>3</sup>He through the [[hyperfine structure|hyperfine]] interaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/equipment/he3nsf/SEOP/nistSlowNeutronconf2005.pdf |journal=Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology |title=Polarized <sup>3</sup>He spin filters for slow neutron physics |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=299–304 |first1=T. R. |last1=Gentile |first2=W. C. |last2=Chen |first3=G. L. |last3=Jones |first4=E. |last4=Babcock |first5=T. G. |last5=Walker |doi=10.6028/jres.110.043 |pmid=27308140 |pmc=4849589 |year=2005 |access-date=2015-08-06 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221234735/https://ncnr.nist.gov/equipment/he3nsf/SEOP/nistSlowNeutronconf2005.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such [[spin polarization|spin-polarized]] <sup>3</sup>He cells are useful for neutron polarization measurements and for producing polarized neutron beams for other purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/AnnualReport/FY2002_html/pages/neutron_spin.htm |publisher=NIST Center for Neutron Research 2002 Annual Report |title=Neutron spin filters based on polarized helium-3 |access-date=2008-01-11}}</ref>

The resonant element in [[atomic clock]]s utilizes the [[hyperfine structure]] of rubidium's energy levels, and rubidium is useful for high-precision timing. It is used as the main component of secondary frequency references (rubidium oscillators) in cell site transmitters and other electronic transmitting, networking, and test equipment. These [[rubidium standard]]s are often used with [[GNSS]] to produce a "primary frequency standard" that has greater accuracy and is less expensive than caesium standards.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jmfkJYdEANEC&pg=PA32 |page = 32 |chapter = GPS |title = Measurement, control, and communication using IEEE 1588 |isbn = 978-1-84628-250-8 |author1 = Eidson, John C |date = 2006-04-11|publisher = Springer }}</ref><ref name="Clock">{{cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ttYt5bZqX0AC&pg=PA300 |page = 300 |chapter = Rubidium and crystal oscillators |title = Data network engineering |isbn = 978-0-7923-8594-3 |author1 = King, Tim |author2 = Newson, Dave |date = 1999-07-31|publisher = Springer }}</ref> Such rubidium standards are often mass-produced for the [[telecommunications industry]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LesrjSVQMPQC&pg=PA72 |chapter = Rubidium Vapor Cell |title = Advances in electronics and electron physics |isbn = 978-0-12-014644-4 |author1 = Marton, L. |date = 1977-01-01|publisher = Academic Press }}</ref>

Other potential or current uses of rubidium include a working fluid in vapor turbines, as a [[getter]] in [[vacuum tube]]s, and as a [[photocell]] component.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GEVt3kpFw64C&pg=PA274 |page = 274 |title = Introduction To Nuclear And Particle Physics |isbn = 978-81-203-3610-0 |author1 = Mittal |date = 2009|publisher = Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt. Limited }}</ref> Rubidium is also used as an ingredient in special types of glass, in the production of [[superoxide]] by burning in [[oxygen]], in the study of [[potassium]] [[ion channel]]s in biology, and as the vapor in atomic [[magnetometer]]s.<ref name="MAG">{{Cite journal |title=Parametric modulation of an atomic magnetometer |journal=Applied Physics Letters| volume=89| date=2006 |issue=13 |pages=23575531–23575533 |doi=10.1063/1.2357553 |last1=Li |first1=Zhimin |last2=Wakai |first2=Ronald T. |last3=Walker |first3=Thad G. |bibcode = 2006ApPhL..89m4105L |pmc=3431608 |pmid=22942436}}</ref> In particular, <sup>87</sup>Rb is used with other alkali metals in the development of spin-exchange relaxation-free [[SERF|(SERF) magnetometers]].<ref name="MAG" />

[[Rubidium-82]] is used for [[positron emission tomography]]. Rubidium is very similar to potassium, and tissue with high potassium content will also accumulate the radioactive rubidium. One of the main uses is [[myocardial perfusion imaging]]. As a result of changes in the [[blood–brain barrier]] in brain tumors, rubidium collects more in brain tumors than normal brain tissue, allowing the use of radioisotope rubidium-82 in [[nuclear medicine]] to locate and image brain tumors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Yen |first1 = C. K. |last2 = Yano |first2 = Y. |last3 = Budinger |first3 = T. F. |last4 = Friedland |first4 = R. P. |last5 = Derenzo |first5 = S. E. |last6 = Huesman |first6 = R. H. |last7 = O'Brien |first7 = H. A. |title = Brain tumor evaluation using Rb-82 and positron emission tomography |journal = Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume = 23 |issue = 6 |pages = 532–7 |date = 1982 |pmid = 6281406}}</ref> Rubidium-82 has a very short half-life of 76&nbsp;seconds, and the production from decay of [[strontium-82]] must be done close to the patient.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FhkLE8MC71IC&pg=PA59 |page = 59 |chapter = Rubidium-82 |title = Clinical PET and PET/CT |isbn = 978-1-85233-838-1 |last1= Jadvar |first1= H. |last2 = Anthony Parker | first2 = J. |date = 2005|publisher = Springer }}</ref>

Rubidium was tested for the influence on manic depression and depression.<ref name="manic" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Malekahmadi |first1 = P. |title = Rubidium in psychiatry: Research implications |journal = Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume = 21 |pages = 49–50 |date = 1984 |doi = 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90162-X |pmid = 6522433 |last2 = Williams |first2 = John A.|s2cid = 2907703 }}</ref> Dialysis patients suffering from depression show a depletion in rubidium, and therefore a supplementation may help during depression.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Canavese| first1 = Caterina| last2 = Decostanzi| first2 = Ester| last3 = Branciforte| first3 = Lino| last4 = Caropreso| first4 = Antonio| last5 = Nonnato| first5 = Antonello| last6 = Sabbioni| first6 = Enrico| title = Depression in dialysis patients: Rubidium supplementation before other drugs and encouragement?| journal = Kidney International| volume = 60| issue = 3| pages = 1201–2| date = 2001| doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031201.x| pmid=11532118| doi-access = free}}</ref> In some tests the rubidium was administered as rubidium chloride with up to 720&nbsp;mg per day for 60 days.<ref name="isbn1-58890-299-4">{{cite book | last = Lake | first = James A. | title = Textbook of Integrative Mental Health Care | publisher = Thieme Medical Publishers | location = New York | date = 2006 | pages =164–165 | isbn = 978-1-58890-299-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt5euqMwbpYC&pg=PA165}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8412574 |date=1993 |last1=Torta |first1=R. |last2=Ala |first2=G. |last3=Borio |first3=R. |last4=Cicolin |first4=A. |last5=Costamagna |first5=S. |last6=Fiori |first6=L. |last7=Ravizza |first7=L. |title=Rubidium chloride in the treatment of major depression |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=101–110 |journal=Minerva Psichiatrica}}</ref>

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