Editing Sea surface temperature (section)

===Thermometers===
The sea surface temperature was one of the first oceanographic variables to be measured. [[Benjamin Franklin]] suspended a [[mercury thermometer]] from a ship while travelling between the United States and Europe in his survey of the [[Gulf Stream]] in the late eighteenth century. SST was later measured by dipping a [[thermometer]] into a bucket of water that was manually drawn from the sea surface. The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963. These observations have a warm bias of around {{convert|0.6|C-change|F-change|sigfig=1}} due to the heat of the engine room.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ew-bJDIDIC&pg=PA24|pages=24–25|title=Data analysis methods in physical oceanography|author1=William J. Emery |author2=Richard E. Thomson |year=2001|isbn=978-0-444-50757-0|publisher=Elsevier|edition=2nd Revised}}</ref>  

Fixed [[weather buoy]]s measure the water temperature at a depth of {{convert|3|m|ft}}. Measurements of SST have had inconsistencies over the last 130 years due to the way they were taken. In the nineteenth century, measurements were taken in a bucket off a ship. However, there was a slight variation in temperature because of the differences in buckets. Samples were collected in either a wood or an uninsulated canvas bucket, but the canvas bucket cooled quicker than the wood bucket. The sudden change in temperature between 1940 and 1941 was the result of an undocumented change in procedure. The samples were taken near the engine intake because it was too dangerous to use lights to take measurements over the side of the ship at night.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burroughs|first=William James|title=Climate change : a multidisciplinary approach|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangemul0000burr_p9v1|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge Univiversity Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=9780521690331|edition=2.}}</ref> 

Many different drifting buoys exist around the world that vary in design, and the location of reliable temperature sensors varies. These measurements are beamed to satellites for automated and immediate data distribution.<ref name="buoy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hH2NkL_318wC&pg=PA263|pages=237–238|title=Oceanography from Space: Revisited|author=Vittorio Barale|year=2010|isbn=978-90-481-8680-8|publisher=Springer}}</ref> A large network of coastal buoys in U.S. waters is maintained by the [[National Data Buoy Center]] (NDBC).<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/meteorologicalbu0000unse/page/11 11]|title=The meteorological buoy and coastal marine automated network for the United States|author=Lance F. Bosart, William A. Sprigg, National Research Council|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-309-06088-2|url=https://archive.org/details/meteorologicalbu0000unse/page/11}}</ref> Between 1985 and 1994, an extensive array of moored and drifting buoys was deployed across the equatorial Pacific Ocean designed to help monitor and predict the [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation#Effects of ENSO's warm phase (El Niño)|El Niño]] phenomenon.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DO5K1NK_ZewC&pg=PA62|title=Global energy and water cycles|author1=K. A. Browning |author2=Robert J. Gurney |page=62|year=1999|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-56057-3}}</ref>