Editing Streptococcus pneumoniae (section)

== Diagnosis ==
[[File:S. pneumoniae.jpg|thumb|Optochin sensitivity in a culture of ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' (white disk)]]
[[File:Diagnostic algorithm of possible bacterial infection.png|thumb|Example of a [[Medical test|workup algorithm]] of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England community hospital setting. ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' is mentioned at gram stain near top right, and again in the alpha-hemolytic workflow in lower left quadrant.]]
[[Medical diagnosis|Diagnosis]] is generally made based on clinical suspicion along with a positive culture from a sample from virtually any place in the body. ''S. pneumoniae'' is, in general, [[optochin]] sensitive, although optochin resistance has been observed.<ref>{{cite journal
  |title = Optochin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Mechanism, Significance, and Clinical Implications
  |last1 = Pikis
  |first1 = Andreas
  |last2 = Campos
  |first2 = Joseph M.
  |last3 = Rodriguez
  |first3 = William J.
  |last4 = Keith
  |first4 = Jerry M.
  |journal = [[The Journal of Infectious Diseases]]
  |issn = 0022-1899
  |volume = 184
  |issue = 5
  |year = 2001
  |pages = 582–90
  |pmid = 11474432
  |doi = 10.1086/322803
  |jstor = 30137322
  |doi-access = free
  }}</ref>

The recent advances in next-generation sequencing  and [[comparative genomics]] have enabled the development of robust and reliable molecular methods for the detection and identification of ''S. pneumoniae''. For instance, the ''Xisco'' gene was recently described as a biomarker for PCR-based detection of ''S. pneumoniae'' and differentiation from closely related species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salvà-Serra|first1=Francisco|last2=Connolly|first2=Gwendolyn|last3=Moore|first3=Edward R. B.|last4=Gonzales-Siles|first4=Lucia|date=2017-12-15|title=Detection of "Xisco" gene for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=90|issue=4|pages=248–250|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.12.003|issn=1879-0070|pmid=29329755|url=https://arrow.tudublin.ie/scschbioart/310 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Atromentin]] and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the [[enzyme]] [[enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase]], (essential for the [[fatty acid metabolism#Synthesis|biosynthesis]] of [[fatty acid]]s) in ''S. pneumoniae''.<ref name=Zheng2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng CJ, Sohn MJ, Kim WG |year=2006 |title=Atromentin and leucomelone, the first inhibitors specific to enoyl-ACP reductase (FabK) of ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' |journal=Journal of Antibiotics |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=808–12 |doi=10.1038/ja.2006.108 |pmid=17323650|doi-access=free }}</ref>