Editing Synaptic plasticity (section)

===Long-term potentiation===
Long-term potentiation, commonly referred to as LTP, is an increase in synaptic response following potentiating pulses of electrical stimuli that sustains at a level above the baseline response for hours or longer. LTP involves interactions between postsynaptic neurons and the specific presynaptic inputs that form a synaptic association, and is specific to the stimulated pathway of synaptic transmission. 
The long-term stabilization of synaptic changes is determined by a parallel increase of pre- and postsynaptic structures such as [[Bouton (synapse)|axonal bouton]], [[dendritic spine]] and [[postsynaptic density]].<ref name="stabilization_plasticity" />
On the molecular level, an increase of the postsynaptic scaffolding proteins [[PSD-95]] and [[HOMER1|Homer1c]] has been shown to correlate with the stabilization of synaptic enlargement.<ref name="stabilization_plasticity" />

Modification of astrocyte coverage at the synapses in the hippocampus has been found to result from the [[LTP induction|induction of LTP]], which has been found to be linked to the release of [[D-serine]], [[nitric oxide]], and the [[chemokine]], [[s100B]] by [[astrocyte]]s.<ref name="Glia"/>
LTP is also a model for studying the synaptic basis of Hebbian plasticity. Induction conditions resemble those described for the initiation of long-term depression (LTD), but a stronger depolarization and a greater increase of calcium are necessary to achieve LTP.<ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Artola A, Singer W | title = Long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission and its relationship to long-term potentiation | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 16 | issue = 11 | pages = 480–7 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 7507622 | doi = 10.1016/0166-2236(93)90081-V | s2cid = 3974242 }}</ref> Experiments performed by stimulating an array of individual dendritic spines, have shown that synaptic cooperativity by as few as two adjacent dendritic spines prevents LTD, allowing only LTP.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tazerart S, Mitchell DE, Miranda-Rottmann S, Araya R|date=August 2020|title=A spike-timing-dependent plasticity rule for dendritic spines|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4276|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17861-7|pmc=7449969|pmid=32848151|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4276T}}</ref>