Editing Synaptic vesicle (section)

==== Modulation ====
Cells thus appear to have at least two mechanisms to follow for membrane recycling. Under certain conditions, cells can switch from one mechanism to the other. Slow, conventional, full collapse fusion predominates the synaptic membrane when Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels are low, and the fast kiss-and-run mechanism is followed when Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels are high.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Ales ''et al.'' showed that raised concentrations of extracellular calcium ions shift the preferred mode of recycling and synaptic vesicle release to the kiss-and-run mechanism in a calcium-concentration-dependent manner. It has been proposed that during secretion of neurotransmitters at synapses, the mode of exocytosis is modulated by calcium to attain optimal conditions for coupled exocytosis and endocytosis according to synaptic activity.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Alvarez De Toledo | first1 = G. | last2 = Alés | first2 = E. | last3 = Tabares | first3 = L. A. | last4 = Poyato | first4 = J. M. | last5 = Valero | first5 = V. | last6 = Lindau | first6 = M. | title = High calcium concentrations shift the mode of exocytosis to the kiss-and-run mechanism | journal = Nature Cell Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–44 | doi = 10.1038/9012 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10559862 | s2cid = 17624473 }}</ref>

Experimental evidence suggests that kiss-and-run is the dominant mode of synaptic release at the beginning of stimulus trains. In this context, kiss-and-run reflects a high vesicle release probability. The incidence of kiss-and-run is also increased by rapid firing and stimulation of the neuron, suggesting that the kinetics of this type of release is faster than other forms of vesicle release.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Q. | last2 = Li | first2 = Y. | last3 = Tsien | first3 = R. W. | doi = 10.1126/science.1167373 | title = The Dynamic Control of Kiss-And-Run and Vesicular Reuse Probed with Single Nanoparticles | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5920 | pages = 1448–1453 | year = 2009 | pmc = 2696197 | pmid = 19213879| bibcode = 2009Sci...323.1448Z }}</ref>