Editing Taligent (section)

=====HP, CommonPoint beta=====
{{quote box |width=25% |align=right |text=We used to joke that the [CommonPoint] frameworks were so powerful that you could write any program in three lines of code, but it would take you 6 months to figure out what those three lines were. |author=Stephen Kurtzman, project lead on the IBM Microkernel, and subsequently Kernel Manager at Taligent<ref name="Why did Taligent fail"/>
}}
{{quote box |width=25% |align=right |text=[NeXT is] ahead today, but the race is far from over. ... [In 1996,] Cairo will be very close behind, and Taligent will be very far behind. |author=Steve Jobs, 1994<ref name="NeXTWORLD Feb 1994"/>{{rp|13}}}}
{{quote box |quoted=yes |width=25% |align=right |quote=When is Pink going to ship? Two years. |source=—''a running joke at Apple''}}
In January 1994, fellow object technology pioneer Hewlett-Packard joined Apple and IBM as the third co-owner of Taligent at 15% holding. HP held deeply vested experience in object technology since the 1980s<ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/> with the [[NewWave]] desktop environment, the [[Softbench]] IDE, Distributed Smalltalk, Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF),<ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/> and having cofounded the [[Object Management Group]].<ref name="Inside Taligent Technology"/>{{rp|6}} Taligent's object oriented portfolio was broadened with HP's compilers, DOMF, and intention to integrate TalOS and TalAE into [[HP-UX]].<ref name="DOMF">{{Cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |url={{google books |id=6REEAAAAMBAJ |page=14 |plainurl=yes}} |page=14 |last1=Burns |first1=Christine |last2=Lisker |first2=Peter |date=January 10, 1994 |title=Taligent, HP in object pact |publisher=IDG Network World Inc|via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NeXTWORLD Feb 1994"/> HP had already partnered with Taligent's well-established competitor NeXT to integrate OpenStep into HP-UX, and Taligent had pursued partnerships with both Sun and HP for several months, all serving to improve HP's competitive bargaining in its offer to Taligent. A Taligent engineer reportedly said, "It wasn't that HP was driven by OpenStep to go to Taligent, but that OpenStep allowed them to make a much better deal."<ref name="NeXTWORLD Feb 1994"/>{{rp|16}} ''NeXTWORLD'' summarized that "[HP covered] all bets in the race for the object market", and Sun CEO Scott McNealy derided the partnership as HP being Taligent's "trophy spouse".<ref name="NeXTWORLD Feb 1994"/>{{rp|13}} ''Dr. Dobb's Journal'' quipped: "Now you could be [a former] Apple programmer working for [a former] IBM boss who reported [externally] to HP. Or some combination thereof. Twisteder and twisteder."<ref name="Phoenix in Cupertino"/>

By March 1994, Taligent had reportedly begun shipping code to its three investors, and some parts of TalAE had shipped to developers though without source code by policy. The first public Taligent technology demonstration was at SFA in Atlanta as an "amazingly fast" and crash-tolerant five-threaded 3D graphics application on native TalOS on a [[Macintosh IIci]].<ref name="SFA 1994"/> Also in March 1994 at the PC Forum conference, Taligent gave the first public demonstration of TalAE applications, to an impressed but hesitant reception. A show of hands indicated one out of approximately 500 attendees were actively developing on TalAE, but Taligent reported 60 members in its future second wave of developer program. The frameworks already present allowed the integration of advanced TalAE features into pre-existing platform-native applications. CEO Joe Guglielmi reported on TalAE gaining the ongoing outside interest of IBM, but suffering relative uninvolvement from Apple{{mdash}}possibly due to Apple's failure to deliver a mainstream OS capable of running it.<ref name="Taligent goes public"/> On April 18, 1994, ''InfoWorld'' reported Taligent's future plans for its SDK to be distributed.<ref name="Taligent SDK to be distributed">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=April 18, 1994 |page=14 |title=Taligent SDK to be distributed at conference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjsEAAAAMBAJ&q=taligent&pg=PA14 |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> In November 1994 at Comdex, the public debut of third-party TalAE applications was on an RS/6000 running AIX to demonstrate prototypes made by seven vendors.<ref name="Taligent applications">{{cite magazine |magazine=InfoWorld |date=November 14, 1994 |first=Doug |last=Barney |title=Taligent applications begin to surface |url={{google books |id=bTgEAAAAMBAJ |page=6 |plainurl=yes}} |page=6 |access-date=January 9, 2021}} Screenshot of Virtus Navigator on a TalOS desktop</ref><ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/>

In late 1994, TalAE<ref name="Taligent's Guide">{{cite book |title=Taligent's Guide to Designing Programs: Well-Mannered Object-Oriented Design in C++ |series=Taligent Reference Library |first=David |last=Goldsmith |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Reading, MA |date=June 1994 |isbn=978-0201408881 |oclc=636884338}}</ref> was renamed to CommonPoint,<ref name="Taligent applications"/> TalDE was renamed to cpProfessional, and Taligent User Interface Builder was renamed to cpConstructor.<ref name="Tasks at hand"/><ref name="Inside Taligent Technology"/>{{rp|22}} CommonPoint was being beta tested at 100 sites, with an initial target market of internal corporate developers. TalOS was still scheduled to ship in 1996. Apple considered MacApp's lifespan to have "run its course" as the primary Macintosh SDK,<ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/> while Taligent considered MacApp to be prerequisite experience for its own platform.<ref name="A Beginner's Guide"/> Meanwhile, Apple and CILabs had begun an internal mandate for all new development to be based on the complementary and already published OpenDoc. CILabs was committed to publishing its source code, while Taligent was committed against publishing its own.<ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/><ref name="SFA 1994"/>

{{blockquote |text=Taligent's role in the world is to create an environment in which all the applications we buy individually are built directly into the operating system. Because the apps are programmable, you can put together your own custom-made suites. Taligent could mean the end of all applications as we know them. ... The suites are here to battle Taligent.| source=[[John C. Dvorak]]<ref name="IBM's Workplace OS Explained"/>}}
Taligent was now considered to be a venerable competitor in the desktop operating system and enterprise object markets even without any product release, and being late. [[John C. Dvorak]] described Taligent as a threat in the desktop market of integrated [[software suite|application suites]], particularly to the "spooked" Microsoft which responded with many [[vaporware]] product announcements (such as [[Development of Windows 95|Chicago]], [[Cairo (operating system)|Cairo]], [[Windows NT 3.5|Daytona]], and [[Development of Windows 95|Snowball]]) to distract the market's attention from Taligent.<ref name="IBM's Workplace OS Explained">{{cite magazine |magazine=PC Magazine |page=93 |date=April 26, 1994 |title=IBM's Workplace OS Explained |first=John C. |last=Dvorak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0SCDRC-VPQC&pg=PA93 |access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> ''ComputerWorld'' described the enterprise computing market as shifting away from monolithic and procedural application models and even application suites, toward object-oriented component-based application frameworks, all in Taligent's favor.<ref name="Industry turning to components">{{cite magazine |magazine=ComputerWorld |first1=Ed |last1=Scannell |first2=William |last2=Brandel |title=Industry turning to components |page=1 |date=April 11, 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7EPRo-7juEC&pg=PA14 |access-date=February 13, 2019}}</ref> Its theoretical newness was often compared to NeXT's older but mature and commercially established platform. [[Sun Microsystems]] held exploratory meetings with Taligent before deciding upon building out its object application framework [[OpenStep]] in partnership with [[NeXT]] as a "preemptive move against Taligent and [Microsoft's] [[Cairo (operating system)|Cairo]]".<ref name="NeXTWORLD Feb 1994">{{cite interview |magazine=NeXTWORLD |date=February 1994 |page=23-24 |first=Bud |last=Tribble |interviewer=NeXTWORLD |title=Bud Tribble Explains It All |url=https://archive.org/details/nextworld-1994/ |access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref> Having given up on seeing Pink go to market soon, Apple publicly announced Copland in March 1994 intended to compete with the upcoming Windows 95.<ref name="Apple Confidential"/>{{rp|225}}

Apple was and will remain the only vendor of a desired target OS which is physically incapable of receiving Taligent's heavy payload due to System 7's critical lack of modern features such as preemptive multitasking. However, Taligent reportedly remains so committed to boosting the industry's confidence in Apple's modernization that it is considering creating a way to hybridize TalOS applications for the nascent System 7, and Apple reportedly intends for the upcoming [[Power Macintosh]] to boot native TalOS as a next-generation alternative to System 7. The [[second-system effect]] is uniquely intensified because Apple is beginning to view the architecturally superior TalOS as a competitor against the protractedly weak System 7 which has no successor in sight.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} ''InfoWorld'' reported this: "Developers and analysts also said that Taligent's fate is closely tied to that of OS/2 and the other as-yet-undelivered operating systems that it is designed to run on top of." This included Apple, Windows NT, and the yet unreleased Windows 95.<ref name="First PEEK get mixed reviews"/> A 1994 detailed report by INPUT assesses that Taligent's "very risky" future will depend not on its technology, but on support from IBM and major developers, the rapid and cheap development of applications and complex integration tasks, and the ability to create new markets.<ref name="INPUT 1994">{{cite book |title=Object-Oriented Platforms for Client/Server Systems |date=1994 |publisher=INPUT |url=https://archive.org/details/objectorientedpl00unse/page/n119?q=taligent |access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref>

In June 1994, Taligent shipped its first deliverable, considered to be somewhat late for its three investors and approximately 100 developer companies. It is a prebeta developer preview called the Partners Early Experience Kit (PEEK), consisting of 80 frameworks for AIX and OS/2. It received mixed reviews, with ''InfoWorld'' saying it is "inhibited by a massive footprint, a shortage of development tools, and a mind-boggling complexity". TalDE was scheduled to ship in Q2 1995.<ref name="First PEEK get mixed reviews">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |first=Doug |last=Barney |date=October 17, 1994 |title=First PEEK get mixed reviews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDgEAAAAMBAJ&q=taligent&pg=PA133 |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Taligent first PEEK"/>

At this point, Apple was reportedly "hedging its bets" in formulating a strategy to deliver the second-system TalAE, while remaining primarily devout to System 7. The company intended to soon introduce the [[PowerOpen]] platform of PowerPC AIX, which would deliver TalAE for running a hopefully forthcoming class of applications, simultaneously alongside Macintosh Application Services for running legacy System 7 personal applications.<ref name="Taligent first PEEK"/>

In May 1995, Taligent canceled the delayed release of its natively hosted TalOS, to focus on its TalAE application framework programming environment that would run on any modern operating system. Having been developed mainly upon [[IBM AIX|AIX]], the plan was to port TalAE to [[HP-UX]], [[OS/2]], [[Windows NT]], and [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]].<ref name="Taligent bails">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |first=Jason |last=Pontin |date=May 29, 1995 |title=Taligent bails out of object OS |url={{google books |xDoEAAAAMBAJ |page=12 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> Those vendors are intended to port and bundle TalAE directly with their operating systems, and Taligent will port for those who don't.<ref name="SFA 1994"/><ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/>