Editing Tarring and feathering (section)

====Europe====
Tarring and feathering in North America was reported and discussed in many British newspapers in the 1770s, often in an exaggerating manner, emphasizing different sensibilites between the two populations and denigrating North American attitudes,<ref name=Levy>{{cite journal |last=Levy |first=Berry |date=2011 |title=Tar and Feathers |journal=Journal of the Historical Society |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=85–110 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5923.2010.00323.x}}</ref> while a majority of American newspapers presented such acts in a sympathetic and euphemistic way.<ref name=Trininc/>{{rp|24, 36–37}} [[Charles Dickens]] satirized this tone of the latter in ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'' (1842–1844) in the figure of Mr. Chollop: This American was an "advocate of Lynch law, and slavery; and invariably recommended, both in print and speech, the "tarring and feathering" of any unpopular person who differed from himself" and "was much esteemed for his devotion to rational Liberty".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moss |first=Sidney P. |date=1983 |title=The American Episode of ''Martin Chuzzlewit'': The Culmination of Dickens' Quarrel with the American Press |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227516 |journal=Studies in the American Renaissance |pages=223–243 |jstor=30227516 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

In [[Northern Irish literature]], "[t]arring and feathering women who are accused of dating males of the other community (especially British soldiers) are a common ''topos''".<ref name=Drong>{{cite journal |last=Drong |first=Leszek |date=2015 |title="Cold Beads of History and Home": Fictional Perspectives on the Northern Irish Troubles |url=https://journals.pan.pl/Content/88906/mainfile.pdf |journal=Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=523–538 |access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> A graphic depiction of the practice occurs in [[Robert McLiam Wilson]]'s 1989 novel ''[[Ripley Bogle]]'', where in West Belfast a woman made pregnant by a corporal of the [[Royal Engineers]] is punished.<ref name=Drong/><ref>{{cite book |last=McLiam Wilson |first=Robert |author-link=Robert McLiam Wilson |date=1998 |title=[[Ripley Bogle]] |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |pages=111–115 |isbn=978-0-7493-9465-3}}</ref> [[Seamus Heaney]]'s 1975 poem "[[Punishment (poem)|Punishment]]" juxtaposes the tarring and feathering of Catholic women who fraternized with British soldiers with the punishment of Iron Age bog body the [[Windeby Girl]] (since revealed to be a man) who was at the time thought to have been punished for infidelity, suggesting that the punishment meted to women in Northern Ireland is very much rooted in ancient tribal traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brewster |first=Scott |editor-last1=Collins |editor-first1=Lucy |editor-last2=Matterson |editor-first2=Stephen |date=2012 |title=Aberration in Modern Poetry: Essays on Atypical Works by Yeats, Auden, Moore, Heaney and Others |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |pages=71–72 |chapter=Participation without Belonging: Apostrophe and Aberration in Seamus Heaney's ''North'' |isbn=978-0-7864-6295-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Multani |first=Navleen |date=2019 |title=Bog Body, Violence and Silence in Seamus Heaney's "Punishment" |url=https://dialog.puchd.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/11.Navleen-Multani-Bog-BodyViolence-and-Silence-in-Seamus-Heaney-Punishment.pdf |journal=Dialog |volume=34 |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> This connection has been criticized by scholar of English literature Richard Danson Brown as "sloppy thinking" which removes the modern punitive ritual from the political realm.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Richard Danson |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=David |date=2005 |title=The Popular & the Canonical: Debating Twentieth-century Literature 1940-2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=281 |chapter=The poetry of Seamus Heaney |isbn=0-415-35169-3}}</ref> In [[Eoin McNamee]]'s novel ''Resurrection Man'' (1994), both sides of the [[Northern Ireland conflict]] are shown employing these "ritual punishments for consorting with the enemy", emphasizing the Troubles "as a period of the destabilization of ethical norms".<ref name=Drong/>

In fairy tales tarring and feathering is only rarely found, but it appears in a number of droll stories (most prevalent in Northern and Eastern Europe) after the middle of the 19th century. The character types "klutz at housework", "dumb woman", and "unwanted male suitor" — all caricatures of human weaknesses — are ridiculed by tarring and feathering. Sometimes the function of tar and feathers is replaced by other substances like eggs and bran, or by being put into fool's motley. In some stories tarred and feathered characters are misrepresented or mistaken for an unknown animal or [[the devil]], and sometimes do not even recognize themselves. In a few cases tarring and feathering is done deliberately as part of a ruse.<ref name=Uther>{{cite book |last=Uther |first=Hans-Jörg |author-link=Hans-Jörg Uther |date=2010 |title=Enzyklopädie des Märchens - Band 13 |location= |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |pages=305–309 |chapter=Teeren und federn |isbn=978-3-11-023767-2}}</ref>