Editing Timeline of glaciation (section)

=== Uncertain correlations ===
It has proved difficult to correlate the traditional regional names with the global marine and ice core sequences. The indexes of [[Marine isotope stage|MIS]] often identify several distinct glaciations that overlap in time with a single traditional regional glaciation. Some modern authors use the traditional regional glacial names to identify such a sequence of glaciations, whereas others replace the word "glaciation" with "complex" to refer to a continuous period of time that also includes warmer stages. As shown in the table below, it is only during the last 200-300 thousand years that the time resolution of the traditional nomenclature allow for clear correspondence with MIS indexes. In particular there has been a lot of controversy regarding the glaciations MIS 10 and MIS 12, and their correspondence to the [[Elster glaciation|Elster]] and [[Mindel glaciation]]s of Europe.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Böse|display-authors=etal|year=2012|title=Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Europe|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|issue=44|page=17|citeseerx=10.1.1.734.1691 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2|[[Marine isotope stage|Marine<br/>isotope<br/>stage]]
! rowspan=2|Time ago<br/>([[Year#SI prefix multipliers|ka]])<br/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/2004PA001071|url=http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LR04_MISboundaries.txt|title=A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records|journal=Paleoceanography|volume=20|author1= Lisiecki, Lorraine E.| author2=  Raymo, Maureen E.|issue=1|author-link = Lorraine Lisiecki|author-link2 = Maureen Raymo|year=2005|pages=n/a|bibcode=2005PalOc..20.1003L|hdl=2027.42/149224|s2cid=12788441 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan=6|Regional names
! rowspan=2|Global<br/>age /<br/>epoch
|-
! Alpine region
! Great Britain
! N. Europe
! E. Europe
! N. America
! S. America
|-
| MIS 103-64
| 2600–1800
| [[Biber (geology)|Biber]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Pre-Ludham<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>Ludham<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>Thurnian<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>[[Bramertonian Stage|Bramerton]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>[[Baventian|Bavents]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>[[Pastonian Stage|Paston]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| [[Pre-Tiglian]]<ref name="Kasse"/><br/>[[Tiglian]] A<ref name="Kasse"/><br/>[[Tiglian]] B<ref name="Kasse"/><br/>[[Tiglian]] C3<ref name="Kasse"/><br/>[[Tiglian]] C4<ref name="Kasse"/><br/>[[Tiglian]] C5<ref name="Kasse">[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cornelis_Kees_Kasse/publication/293398429_Periglacial_environments_and_climatic_development_during_the_early_Pleistocene_Tiglian_stage_Beerse_Glacial_in_northern_Belgium/links/5769487e08ae2d7145ba7cb9/Periglacial-environments-and-climatic-development-during-the-early-Pleistocene-Tiglian-stage-Beerse-Glacial-in-northern-Belgium.pdf?origin=publication_detail Kasse (1993), Periglacial environments and climate development during Early Pleistocene Tiglian stage (Beerse Glacial) in northern Belgium, Geologie en Mijnbouw 72, 107–123, Kluwer]</ref>

| Verkhodon<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/><br/>Khapry<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] K<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/><br/>[[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] J<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| 
| BGCOLOR="#aaffff" | [[Gelasian]]
|-
| MIS 63-23
| 1800–900
| [[Danube (geology)|Danube]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Beestonian stage|Beeston]]<ref name="Corr 2011">[http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/POSTERSTRAT_v2011.jpg Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years, v. 2011]</ref>
| [[Eburonian|Eburon]]<ref name="STD 2016"/><br/>[[Waalian interglacial|Waal]]<ref name="STD 2016"/><br/>[[Menapian|Menap]]<ref name="STD 2016"/><br/>[[Bavelian|Bavel]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Tolucheevka<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/><br/>Krinitsa<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] I<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>[[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] H<ref name="Corr 2011"/><br/>[[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] G<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| 
| rowspan=4 BGCOLOR="#aaffff" | [[Calabrian (stage)|Calabrian]]
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" style="border-top: 5px solid grey;"
| MIS 22 
| 900–866
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011">[http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/16048/1/16048.pdf Lee et al. (2011), The Glacial History of the British Isles during the early and Middle Pleistocene: Implications for the long-term development of the British Ice Sheet, Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology, pages 59-74, Elsevier.]</ref>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]
| 
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] F<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
|
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa"
| MIS 21 
| 866–814
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]
| 
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" 
| MIS 20 
| 814–790
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]
| 
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] E ?
|
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa"
| MIS 19 
| 790–761
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016">[http://www.stratigraphie.de/std/Bilder/5_2.pdf German Stratigraphic Commission: Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2016]</ref>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| 
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
|
| rowspan=14 BGCOLOR="#aaffff" | [[Chibanian]]
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" 
| MIS 18 
| 761-712
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| 
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] E ?
|
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa" 
| MIS 17 
| 712-676
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| 
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ffffff" 
| MIS 16 
| 676–621
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]/[[Don Glaciation|Don]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/donglaciation.html|publisher=University of Cambridge: Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group|title=North West European Rivers 3: Don Glaciation (Donian Stage)}}</ref>
| [[Don Glaciation|Don]]<ref name="Böse 2012">{{cite journal|author=Böse|display-authors=etal|year=2012|title=Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Europe|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=44 |issue=44|pages=1–25|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.017 |bibcode=2012QSRv...44....1B |citeseerx=10.1.1.734.1691 }}</ref>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] D<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
|
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa" 
| MIS 15 
| 621–563
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Muchkap<ref name="Velichko 2004">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKsL8CFcdAoC&pg=PA343|author=Velichko|display-authors=etal|year=2004|chapter=Glaciations of the East European Plain – distribution and chronology|title=Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology|editor1-first=J.|editor1-last=Ehlers|editor2-first=P.L.|editor2-last=Gibbard|publisher=Elsevier|pages=337–354|isbn=9780080540146 }}</ref>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" 
| MIS 14 
| 563–533
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Oka?<ref name="Böse 2012"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] C<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ccffcc" 
| MIS 13 
| 533–478
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Oka?<ref name="Böse 2012"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ffffff" 
| MIS 12
| 478–424
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]<ref name="STD 2016"/> [[Mindel glaciation|Mindel]]?<ref name="BGR 2016">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160301101706/http://www.lgb-rlp.de/fileadmin/extern/stratigraphie/bay/litho/quart/all-strat.html ''Stratigraphische Tabellen des Bayerischen Geologischen Landesamtes.''] Ad hoc AG Geologie der Staatlichen Geologischen Dienste (SGD) and the BGR</ref>
| [[Anglian Stage|Anglia]]<ref name="Lee 2011"/>
| [[Elster glaciation|Elster]]<ref name="Böse 2012"/> [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]?<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Oka<ref name="Böse 2012"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] B<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| Caracoles<ref name=Porter81/> Río Frío?<ref name=Porter81/>
|- BGCOLOR="#44ff44"
| MIS 11 
| 424–374
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]?<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Hoxnian Stage|Hoxne]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/> 
| [[Holstein interglacial|Holstein]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/> [[Cromerian Stage|Cromer]]/Rhume?<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Likhvin<ref name="Velichko 2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-TzWT7sSNMC&pg=PA53|first1=A. A.|last1=Velichko|first2=Herbert Edgar|last2=Wright|publisher=Geological Society of America|year=2005|title=Cenozoic Climatic and Environmental Changes in Russia|isbn=9780813723822|page=53}}</ref>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ffffff" 
| MIS 10 
| 374–337
| [[Mindel glaciation|Mindel]]?<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Wolstonian Stage|Wolston]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/> 
| [[Elster glaciation|Elster]]?<ref name="STD 2016"/><ref name="Böse 2012"/>
| Likhvin?<ref name="Velichko 2005"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] A ?
| Río Llico<ref name=Porter81/> Colegual?<ref name=Porter81/> 
|- BGCOLOR="#44ff44" 
| MIS 9 
| 337–300
| [[Holstein interglacial|Mindel-Riss]]?<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Wolstonian Stage|Wolston]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/> [[Purfleet Interglacial|Purfleet]]<ref name="Essex">{{cite web|url=http://www.geoessex.org.uk/files/timescale_of_the_ice_age_in_essex.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402141806/http://www.geoessex.org.uk/files/timescale_of_the_ice_age_in_essex.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2019|website=GeoEssex|title=Timescale of the Ice Age in Essex}}</ref>
| [[Holstein interglacial|Holstein]]?<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Likhvin<ref name="Velichko 2005"/>
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]]
|
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" 
| MIS 8 
| 300–243
| [[Riss glaciation|Riss]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Wolstonian Stage|Wolston]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| [[Saale glaciation|Saale]]/Fuhne<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| AC
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] A ?
|
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa" 
| MIS 7 
| 243–191
| [[Riss glaciation|Riss]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Wolstonian Stage|Wolston]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Aveley<ref name="Essex"/>
| [[Saale glaciation|Saale]]/Dömnitz<ref name="STD 2016"/> Belvedere<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2716996/view|first1=Thijs van|last1=Kolfschoten|first2=W.|last2=Roebroeks|first3=J.|last3=Vandenberghe|title=The middle and late Pleistocene and climate sequence at Maastricht-Belvedere - the type locality of the Belvedere interglacial|date=January 1993|journal=Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst|issue=47|pages=81–91}}</ref>
| AC
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Pre-illinois]] 
| 
|- BGCOLOR="#ffffff" 
| MIS 6 
| 191–130
| [[Riss glaciation|Riss]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Wolstonian Stage|Wolston]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| [[Saale glaciation|Saale]]/Drenthe, Warthe<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| Dnieper/Moscow<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| [[Illinoian (stage)|Illinois]]<ref name="McKay2007">McKay, E.D., 2007, [http://ilrdss.sws.uiuc.edu/pubs/govconf2007/session2a/DonMcKay.pdf ''Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River.''] Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct. 2-4, 2007, 11 p.</ref>
| Santa María<ref name=Porter81>{{cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=S.C. |date=1981 |title=Pleistocene glaciation in the southern Lake District of Chile |journal=[[Quaternary Research]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=263–292 |doi= 10.1016/0033-5894(81)90013-2|bibcode=1981QuRes..16..263P |s2cid=140544020 }}</ref> Casma?<ref name=Porter81/>
|- BGCOLOR="#44ff44" 
| MIS 5e 
| 123 (peak) 
| [[Eemian|Riss-Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Eemian|Ipswich]]<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
| [[Eemian|Eem]]
| Mikulino<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| [[Sangamonian]]
| [[Eemian|Valdivia]]
| rowspan=8 BGCOLOR="#aaffff" | [[Late Pleistocene|Late<br/>Pleistocene]]<br/><br/>('Tarantian')
|- BGCOLOR="#ccffcc" 
| MIS 5d 
| 109 (peak) 
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/Early D.<ref name="Delaney">{{cite journal | last=Delaney | first=Catherine | title=The Last Glacial Stage (the Devensian) in Northwest England | journal=North West Geography | year=2003 | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=27–37 | issn=1476-1580 | url=https://www.mangeogsoc.org.uk/pdfs/delaney2.pdf}}</ref> 
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/Herning<ref name="SGU">{{cite book | url=https://www.skb.se/publication/1200820/TR-06-36.pdf | title=Ice marginal fluctuations during the Weichselian glaciation in Fennoscandia, a literature review (Technical Report TR-06-36) | publisher=Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co) | first1=Hanna | last1=Lokrantz | first2=Gustav | last2=Sohlenius | year=2006 | location=Stockholm}}</ref>
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| AC 
| AC
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa" 
| MIS 5c 
| 96 (peak)
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/Early D.<ref name="Delaney"/>
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/Brørup<ref name="SGU"/>
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| AC
| AC
|- BGCOLOR="#ccffcc" 
| MIS 5b 
| 87 (peak)
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/Early D.<ref name="Delaney"/>
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/Rederstall<ref name="SGU"/>
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| AC
| AC
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa" 
| MIS 5a 
| 82 (peak)
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/Early D.<ref name="Delaney"/>
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/Odderade<ref name="SGU"/>
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| AC
| AC
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" 
| MIS 4 
| 71–57
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/Middle D.<ref name="Delaney"/>
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/Middle W.<ref name="SGU"/>
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin]] 
| [[Llanquihue glaciation|Llanquihue]] 
|- BGCOLOR="#ccffcc" 
| MIS 3 
| 57–29
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]<ref name="STD 2016"/>
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/Middle D.<ref name="Delaney"/>
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/Middle W.<ref name="SGU"/>
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin]] 
| [[Llanquihue glaciation|Llanquihue]] 
|- BGCOLOR="#ffffff" 
| MIS 2 
| 29–14
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]/[[Last Glacial Maximum|LGM]]
| [[Devensian glaciation|Devens]]/[[Last Glacial Maximum|Dimlington]]
| [[Weichsel glaciation|Weichsel]]/[[Last Glacial Maximum|LGM]]
| Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>
| [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin]]/[[Vashon Glaciation|Vashon]]
| [[Llanquihue glaciation|Llanquihue]]/[[Last Glacial Maximum|LGM]]
|- BGCOLOR="#44ff44" 
| MIS 1 
| 14–present 
| ([[Holocene]])
| [[Flandrian interglacial|Flandria]]
| [[Flandrian interglacial|Flandria]] (Holocene)
| 
| ([[Holocene]])
| ([[Holocene]])
| rowspan=1 BGCOLOR="#aaffff" | [[Holocene]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Table explanation
|- BGCOLOR="#44ff44" 
| Extensive interglacial (similar to [[Holocene]])
|- BGCOLOR="#aaffaa" 
| Moderate interglacial
|- BGCOLOR="#ccffcc" 
| Intermediate climate
|- BGCOLOR="#ddffdd" 
| Moderate glaciation
|- BGCOLOR="#ffffff" 
| Extensive glaciation (similar to [[Last Glacial Maximum|LGM]])
|- BGCOLOR="#aaaaaa" 
| AC = Ambiguous correlation
|}