Editing Tortoise (section)

==Taxonomy==
This species list largely follows [[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rhodin |first=Anders G.J. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021 |title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). |date=2021-11-15 |publisher=Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy |isbn=978-0-9910368-3-7 |series=Chelonian Research Monographs|volume=8 |doi=10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021 |s2cid=244279960 }}</ref> and the Turtle Extinctions Working Group (2015).<ref>{{cite book |collaboration=Turtle Extinctions Working Group |author1=Rhodin, A.G.J. |author2=Thomson, S. |author3=Georgalis, G. |author4=Karl, H.-V. |author5=Danilov, I.G. |author6=Takahashi, A. |author7=de la Fuente, M.S. |author8=Bourque, J.R. |author9=Delfino M. |author10=Bour, R. |author11=Iverson, J.B. |author12=Shaffer, H.B. |author13=van Dijk, P.P. |title=Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: first checklist and review of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene chelonians |issue=8 |pages=000e.1–66 |volume=5 |doi=10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015 |year=2015 |series=Chelonian Research Monographs |isbn=978-0965354097 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:TortoiseSkeleton.jpg|thumb|A skeleton of Aldabra giant tortoise found in [[Cousin Island]] ([[Seychelles]]).]][[File:Radiated Tortoise (Astrochelys radiata) (10292092024).jpg|thumb|[[Radiated tortoise]] (''Astrochelys radiata'')]]'''Family Testudinidae''' Batsch 1788<ref name=bat88>[[August Batsch|Batsch]], A.J.G.C. (1788). ''Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntniss und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien. Erster Theil. Allgemeine Geschichte der Natur; besondre der Säugthiere, Vögel, Amphibien und Fische.'' Jena: Akademischen Buchandlung, 528 pp.</ref>
* {{Extinct}}'''''[[Alatochelon]]'''''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Adán Pérez-García |author2=Evangelos Vlachos |author3=Xabier Murelaga |year=2020 |title=A large testudinid with African affinities in the post-Messinian (lower Pliocene) record of south-eastern Spain |journal=Palaeontology |volume=63 |issue= 3|pages= 497–512|doi=10.1111/pala.12468 |s2cid=214232312 }}</ref>
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Alatochelon myrteum]]''
* '''''[[Aldabrachelys]]''''' Loveridge and Williams 1957:166<ref name=lov&will>{{cite journal|author=Loveridge, Arthur |author2= Williams, Ernest E.|year=1957|title= Revision of the African tortoises and turtles of the suborder Cryptodira|journal= Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=115|issue=6|pages=163–557|url=http://biostor.org/reference/871}}</ref>
** ''[[Aldabra giant tortoise|Aldabrachelys gigantea]]'' Aldabra giant tortoise.
***   ''[[A. g. gigantea]]''   Aldabra tortoise.
***   [[Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi|''A. g. arnoldi'']]   Arnold’s giant tortoise. 
***   ''[[A. g. daudinii]]''   Daudin’s giant tortoise.
***   [[Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa|''A. g. hololissa'']]   Domed Seychelles giant tortoise.
** [[Extinction|†]]''[[Aldabrachelys abrupta]]'' Late Holocene, extinct ''circa'' 1200 AD
** [[Extinction|†]]''[[Aldabrachelys grandidieri]]'' Late Holocene, extinct ''circa'' 884 AD
* [[File:Chelonoidis carbonarius 386013561.jpg|thumb|[[Red-footed tortoise]] (''Chelonoidis carbonarius'')]][[File:Chelonoidis porteri 114750622.jpg|thumb|[[Galápagos tortoise|Galápagos giant tortoise]] (''Chelonoidis niger'')]]'''''[[Astrochelys]]''''' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1873:4<ref name=gray1873>{{cite journal|author=Gray, John Edward|title= Notes on the genera of turtles (''Oiacopodes''), and especially on their skeletons and skulls|url=http://biostor.org/reference/59893|journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|year= 1873|volume= 1873|pages=395–411}}</ref>
** ''[[radiated tortoise|Astrochelys radiata]]'', radiated tortoise
** ''[[angonoka|Astrochelys yniphora]]'', angonoka tortoise, (Madagascan) plowshare tortoise
* '''''[[Centrochelys]]''''' Gray 1872:5<ref name=gray1872>Gray, John Edward. (1872). "Appendix to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises)". London: British Museum, 28 pp.</ref>
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Centrochelys atlantica]]''
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Centrochelys burchardi]]'' Tenerife giant tortoise
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Centrochelys marocana]]''
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Centrochelys robusta]]'' Maltese giant tortoise
** ''[[African spurred tortoise|Centrochelys sulcata]]'', African spurred tortoise, sulcata tortoise
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Centrochelys vulcanica]]'' Gran Canaria giant tortoise
* '''''[[Chelonoidis]]''''' [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]] 1835:112<ref name=fits1835/>
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis alburyorum]]'' Abaco tortoise, Late Pleistocene, extinct ''c.'' 1400 CE
** ''[[red-footed tortoise|Chelonoidis carbonarius]]'', red-footed tortoise
** ''[[Argentine tortoise|Chelonoidis chilensis]]'', Chaco tortoise, Argentine tortoise or southern wood tortoise
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis cubensis]]'' Cuban giant tortoise
** ''[[Yellow-footed tortoise|Chelonoidis denticulatus]]'' Brazilian giant tortoise, yellow-footed tortoise
**{{extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis dominicensis|C. dominicensis]]'' Dominican giant tortoise<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fossilworks: Chelonoidis dominicensis|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=374950|access-date=17 December 2021|website=fossilworks.org}}</ref>
**{{Extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis lutzae]]'' Lutz's giant tortoise, Late Pleistocene
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis monensis]]'' Mona tortoise
** [[File:Angulate tortoise (Chersina angulata) 1.jpg|thumb|[[Angulate tortoise]] (''Chersina angulata'')]]''[[Chelonoidis niger]]'' Galapagos giant tortoise<ref>[http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Testudinidae&submit=Search Testudinidae], The Reptile Database</ref>
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis sellovii]]'' Southern Cone giant tortoise, Pleistocene
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Chelonoidis sombrerensis]]'' Sombrero giant tortoise, Late Pleistocene
* [[File:Homopus signatus - the worlds smallest tortoise.jpg|thumb|[[Chersobius signatus|Speckled padloper]] (''Chersobius signatus'')]]'''''Chersina''''' Gray 1830:5
** ''[[Angulate tortoise|Chersina angulata]]'', angulated tortoise, South African bowsprit tortoise
* {{Extinct}} '''''[[Cheirogaster]]''''' Bergounioux 1935:78
** †''[[Cheirogaster gymnesica]]'' Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
** †''[[Cheirogaster schafferi]]'' Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
* [[File:Ergilemys insolitus.jpg|thumb|†''[[Ergilemys insolitus]]'' fossil]]'''''[[Chersobius]]''''' Fitzinger, 1835
** ''[[Chersobius boulengeri]]'', Karoo padloper, Karoo dwarf tortoise, Boulenger's Cape tortoise
** ''[[Chersobius signatus]]'', speckled padloper tortoise
** ''[[Chersobius solus]]'', Nama padloper, Berger's Cape tortoise
* †'''''[[Cylindraspis]]''''' Fitzinger 1835:112<ref name=fits1835>{{cite journal|author=Fitzinger, Leopold J. |year=1835|title= Entwurf einer systematischen Anordnung der Schildkröten nach den Grundsätzen der natürlichen Methode|journal=Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte|volume= 1|pages=105–128}}</ref> (all species extinct) following Austin and Arnold, 2001:<ref name=aa01>{{Cite journal | last1 = Austin | first1 = J. J. | last2 = Nicholas Arnold | first2 = E. | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2001.1825 | title = Ancient mitochondrial DNA and morphology elucidate an extinct island radiation of Indian Ocean giant tortoises (Cylindraspis) | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 268 | issue = 1485 | pages = 2515–23 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11749704| pmc = 1088909}}</ref>
** †''[[Reunion giant tortoise|Cylindraspis indica]]'', synonym ''Cylindraspis borbonica'', Reunion giant tortoise
** †''[[saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise|Cylindraspis inepta]]'', saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise or Mauritius giant domed tortoise
** †''[[domed Rodrigues giant tortoise|Cylindraspis peltastes]]'', domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
** †''[[domed Mauritius giant tortoise|Cylindraspis triserrata]]'', domed Mauritius giant tortoise or Mauritius giant flat-shelled tortoise
** †''[[saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise|Cylindraspis vosmaeri]]'', saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
* [[File:Indian star tortoise (2016) 7365.jpg|thumb|[[Indian star tortoise]] (''Geochelone elegans'')]]{{Extinct}} '''''[[Ergilemys]]''''' Ckhikvadze, 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=341551&is_real_user=1 |title=Ergilemys |author=<!--Not stated-->|website=[[Paleobiology Database]] |publisher=Paleobio DB |access-date=March 23, 2022 }}</ref>
** ''[[Ergilemys bruneti]]''
** ''[[Ergilemys insolitus]]''
** ''[[Ergilemys saikanensis]]''
* [[File:Gopher Tortoise at Smyrna Dunes Park - Flickr - Andrea Westmoreland (1).jpg|thumb|[[Gopher tortoise]] (''Gopherus polyphemus'')]]'''''[[Geochelone]]''''' Fitzinger 1835:112<ref name=fits1835 />
** ''[[Indian star tortoise|Geochelone elegans]]'', Indian star tortoise
** ''[[Burmese star tortoise|Geochelone platynota]]'', Burmese star tortoise
* '''''[[Gopherus]]''''' [[Constantine Rafinesque|Rafinesque]] 1832:64<ref name=raf32>{{cite journal|author=Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel|year=1832|title= Description of two new genera of soft shell turtles of North America|journal= Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge |volume=1|pages=64–65}}</ref>
** ''[[Desert tortoise|Gopherus agassizii]]'', Mojave desert tortoise, Agassiz's desert tortoise
** ''[[Texas tortoise|Gopherus berlandieri]]'', Texas tortoise, Berlandier's tortoise
** ''[[Bolson tortoise|Gopherus flavomarginatus]]'', Bolson tortoise
** ''[[Sonoran Desert tortoise|Gopherus morafkai]]'', Sonoran desert tortoise, Morafka's desert tortoise
** ''[[Gopherus polyphemus]]'', gopher tortoise
** ''[[Goode's thornscrub tortoise|Gopherus evgoodei]]'', Sinaloan desert tortoise, Goode's thornscrub tortoise
* {{Extinct}} '''''[[Hadrianus (turtle)|Hadrianus]]'''''
** ''[[Hadrianus corsoni]]'' (syn. ''H. octonarius'')
** ''[[Hadrianus robustus]]''
** ''[[Hadrianus schucherti]]''
** ''[[Hadrianus utahensis]]''
* {{Extinct}} '''''[[Hesperotestudo]]'''''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo alleni]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo angusticeps]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo brontops]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo equicomes]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo impensa]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo incisa]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo johnstoni]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo kalganensis]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo niobrarensis]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo orthopygia]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo osborniana]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo percrassa]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo riggsi]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo tumidus]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo turgida]]''
** ''[[Hesperotestudo wilsoni]]''
* [[File:Homopus areolatus 166592733 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Homopus areolatus|Parrot-beaked padloper]] (''Homopus areolatus'')]]'''''[[Homopus]]''''' Duméril and Bibron 1834:357<ref name=dum&bib34>Duméril, André Marie Constant and Bibron, Gab riel. 1834. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Tome Premier. Paris: Roret, 439 pp.</ref>
** ''[[Homopus areolatus]]'', common padloper, parrot-beaked tortoise, beaked Cape tortoise
** ''[[Homopus femoralis]]'', greater padloper, greater dwarf tortoise
* [[File:Indotestudo elongata 88503209.jpg|thumb|[[Elongated tortoise]]   (''Indotestudo elongata'')]]'''''[[Indotestudo]]''''' [[Wassili Adolfovitch Lindholm|Lindholm]], 1929
** ''[[Indotestudo elongata]]'', elongated tortoise, yellow-headed tortoise
** ''[[Indotestudo forstenii]]'', Forsten's tortoise, East Indian tortoise
** ''[[Indotestudo travancorica]]'', Travancore tortoise
* [[File:Kinixys lobatsiana 15532559.jpg|thumb|[[Lobatse hinge-back tortoise]] (''Kinixys lobatsiana'')]]'''''[[Kinixys]]'''''
** ''[[Kinixys belliana]]'', Bell's hinge-back tortoise
** ''[[Kinixys erosa]]'', forest hinge-back tortoise, serrated hinge-back tortoise
** ''[[Kinixys homeana]]'', Home's hinge-back tortoise
** ''[[Kinixys lobatsiana]]'', Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
** ''[[Kinixys natalensis]]'', Natal hinge-back tortoise
** ''[[Kinixys spekii]]'', Speke's hinge-back tortoise
* '''''[[Malacochersus]]''''' Lindholm 1929:285<ref name=lind29>{{cite journal|author=Lindholm, Wassili A.|year= 1929|title=Revidiertes Verzeichnis der Gattungen der rezenten Schildkröten nebst Notizen zur Nomenklatur einiger Arten|journal= Zoologischer Anzeiger |volume=81|pages=275–295}}</ref>
** ''[[pancake tortoise|Malacochersus tornieri]]'', pancake tortoise
* [[File:Manouria impressa.jpg|thumb|[[Impressed tortoise]] (''Manouria impressa'')]]'''''[[Manouria]]''''' Gray 1854:133<ref name=gray34>{{cite journal|author=Gray, John Edward|title= Characters of several new species of freshwater tortoises (Emys) from India and China|journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|year=1834|volume= 2|pages=53–54}}</ref>
** ''[[Manouria emys]]'', Asian giant tortoise, brown tortoise (mountain tortoise)
** ''[[Impressed tortoise|Manouria impressa]]'', impressed tortoise
* {{Extinct}} '''''[[Megalochelys]]''''' Falconer, H. and Cautley, P.T. 1837.<ref name=fal&caut37>{{cite journal|author=Falconer, H. |author2=Cautley, P.T. |year=1837|title= On additional fossil species of the order Quadrumana from the Siwalik Hills|journal= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=6|pages=354–360}}</ref>
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Megalochelys atlas]]'', Atlas tortoise, Extinct&nbsp;– Pliocene to Pleistocene
** {{Extinct}} ''[[Megalochelys cautleyi]]'', Cautley's giant tortoise
* [[File:Western 'Namaqualand' tent tortoise.jpg|thumb|[[Tent tortoise]] (''Psammobates tentorius'')]][[File:Titanochelon perpiniana full.jpg|thumb|†''[[Titanochelon perpiniana]]'' ]]'''''[[Psammobates]]''''' Fitzinger 1835:113<ref name=fits1835 />
** ''[[geometric tortoise|Psammobates geometricus]]'', geometric tortoise
** ''[[Psammobates oculifer]]'', serrated tent tortoise, Kalahari tent tortoise
** ''[[Psammobates tentorius]]'', African tent tortoise
* '''''[[Pyxis (turtle)|Pyxis]]''''' Bell 1827:395<ref name=bell1827>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00122.x| url = http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Articles/Bell_1827.pdf| title = XVI. On two new Genera of Land Tortoises| journal = Transactions of the Linnean Society of London| volume = 15| issue = 2| pages = 392–401| year = 1827| last1 = Bell| first1 = T.| access-date = 2015-08-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175555/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Articles/Bell_1827.pdf| archive-date = 2018-09-05| url-status = dead}}</ref>
** ''[[spider tortoise|Pyxis arachnoides]]'', (Madagascan) spider tortoise
** ''[[flat-backed spider tortoise|Pyxis planicauda]]'', flat-backed spider tortoise, (Madagascan) flat-tailed tortoise, flat-tailed spider tortoise
* '''''[[Stigmochelys]]''''' Gray, 1873
** ''[[Leopard tortoise|Stigmochelys pardalis]]'', leopard tortoise
* {{Extinct}} '''''[[Stylemys]]'''''
** ''[[Stylemys botti]]''
** ''[[Stylemys calaverensis]]''
** ''[[Stylemys canetotiana]]''
** ''[[Stylemys capax]]''
** ''[[Stylemys conspecta]]''
** ''[[Stylemys copei]]''
** ''[[Stylemys emiliae]]''
** ''[[Stylemys frizaciana]]''
** ''[[Stylemys karakolensis]]''
** ''[[Stylemys nebrascensis]]'' (syn. ''[[Stylemys amphithorax|S. amphithorax]]'')
** ''[[Stylemys neglectus]]''
** ''[[Stylemys oregonensis]]''
** ''[[Stylemys pygmea]]''
** ''[[Stylemys uintensis]]''
** ''[[Stylemys undabuna]]''
*{{Extinct}} '''''[[Titanochelon]]'''''
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon gymnesica]]''  <small>(Bate, 1914) </small> [[Balearic Islands]], [[Pliocene]]
** {{extinct}} ''[[Titanochelon bolivari]]''  <small>(Hernandez-Pacheco, 1917) </small> (type) [[Iberian Peninsula]], Miocene
** {{extinct}} ''[[Titanochelon bacharidisi]]''  <small>(Vlachos et al., 2014)  </small>Greece, Bulgaria, Late Miocene
** {{extinct}} ''[[Titanochelon perpiniana]]''  <small>(Deperet 1885) </small> France, Pliocene
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon schafferi]]''  <small>(Szalai, 1931)  </small>Samos, Greece, Miocene
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon vitodurana]]'' <small>(Biedermann 1862) </small> Switzerland, Early Miocene
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon kayadibiensis]]''  <small>Karl, Staesche & Safi, 2021,</small> Anatolia, Miocene
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon eurysternum]]''  <small>(Gervais, 1848–1852) </small> France, Miocene[[File:Tunisian tortoise (Testudo graeca nabeulensis) male Cap Bon.jpg|thumb|[[Greek tortoise]] (''Testudo graeca'')]]
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon ginsburgi]]''  <small>(de Broin, 1977 </small>) France, Miocene
** {{extinct}}''[[Titanochelon leberonensis]]'' <small>(Depéret, 1890) </small> France, Miocene
* '''''[[Testudo (genus)|Testudo]]'''''
** ''[[Spur-thighed tortoise|Testudo graeca]]'', Greek tortoise, spur-thighed tortoise, Moorish tortoise
** ''[[Hermann's tortoise|Testudo hermanni]]'', Hermann's tortoise
** ''[[Russian tortoise|Testudo horsfieldii]]'', Russian tortoise
** ''[[Kleinmann's tortoise|Testudo kleinmanni]]'', Egyptian tortoise, including Negev tortoise
** ''[[Marginated tortoise|Testudo marginata]]'', marginated tortoise