Editing Trieste (section)

===World War II and aftermath===
[[File:Titova armija osvobodila je Trst 1948.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|right|[[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav Army]] entering Trieste (the caption reads: "[[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]'s Army liberated Trieste")]]
Following the [[Slovene Lands in World War II|trisection]] of Slovenia, starting from the winter of 1941, the first [[Slovene Partisans]] appeared in Trieste province, although the resistance movement did not become active in the city itself until late 1943.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=59–62 |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[Italian armistice]] in September 1943, the city was occupied by [[Wehrmacht|Wehrmacht troops]]. Trieste became nominally part of the newly constituted [[Italian Social Republic]], but it was de facto ruled by Germany, who created the [[Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral]] (OZAK) out of former Italian north-eastern regions, with Trieste as the administrative centre. The new administrative entity was headed by [[Friedrich Rainer]], Gauleiter of Carinthia, named supreme commissary of the AK zone. A semblance of indigenous Italian rule was kept in the form of Cesare Pagnini, mayor of Trieste, but every civil official was assigned a representative of the supreme commissar in the form of a Deutsche Berater (German Adviser).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> Under German occupation, the only [[concentration camp]] with a crematorium on Italian soil was built in a suburb of Trieste, at the [[Risiera di San Sabba]] on 4 April 1944. From 20 October 1943, to the spring of 1944, around 25,000 Jews and partisans were interrogated and tortured in the Risiera. Three to four thousand of them were murdered here by shooting, beating or in gas vans. Most were imprisoned before being transferred to other concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deathcamps.org/sabba/index.html|title=Risiera di San Sabba|website=www.deathcamps.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ehri-project.eu/nazi-occupation-and-extermination-european-jews-methods-sources-and-interpretations-focus-italy-and | title=The Nazi Occupation and the Extermination of the European Jews. Methods, sources and interpretations: A focus on Italy and Lithuania | date=26 September 2017 }}</ref>

The city saw intense Italian and Yugoslav [[partisan (military)|partisan]] activity and suffered from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombings, over 20 air raids in 1944–1945, targeting the oil refineries, port and marshalling yard but causing considerable collateral damage to the city and 651 deaths among the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biografiadiunabomba.anvcg.it/trieste-sotto-le-bombe-il-10-giugno-1944/|title=Trieste sotto le bombe il 10 giugno 1944 &#124; Biografia di una bomba &#124; Il blog di Giovanni Lafirenze}}</ref> The worst raid took place on 10 June 1944, when a hundred tons of bombs dropped by 40 [[USAAF]] bombers, targeting the oil refineries, resulted in the destruction of 250 buildings, damage to another 700 and 463 victims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/trieste/cronaca/2014/06/14/news/cosi-il-10-giugno-44-trieste-si-sveglio-sotto-le-bombe-1.9423562|title=Così il 10 giugno '44 Trieste si svegliò sotto le bombe|date=June 14, 2014|website=Il Piccolo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.triesteallnews.it/2019/06/ricordo-del-bombardamento-di-san-giacomo-10-giugno-1944-2019/|title=Ricordo del bombardamento di San Giacomo: 10 giugno 1944-2019 - TRIESTE.news|first=Zeno|last=Saracino|date=June 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comunicarte.info/blog/2016/10-giugno-1944-bombe-su-trieste/|title=Comunicarte Edizioni » 10 giugno 1944: bombe su Trieste}}</ref>

====Occupation by Yugoslav partisans====
[[File:StampTrieste1945Michel18.jpg|thumb|150px|A postage stamp issued by the [[Italian Social Republic]] with a Yugoslav liberation [[overprint]]]]
On 30 April 1945, the Slovenian and Italian [[anti-Fascist]] [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation|Osvobodilna fronta]] (OF) and National Liberation Committee ([[Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]], or CLN) of Edoardo Marzari and [[Antonio Fonda Savio]], made up of approximately 3,500 volunteers, incited a riot against the Nazi occupiers. On 1 May [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] members of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]' [[8th Dalmatian Corps (Partisans)|8th Dalmatian Corps]] took over most of the city, except for the courts and the castle of San Giusto, where the German garrisons refused to surrender to anyone but the New Zealanders, due to the partisans' reputation for shooting German and Italian prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf|title=The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War|editor-last1=Prauser|editor-first1=Steffen|editor-last2=Rees|editor-first2=Arfon|publisher=[[European University Institute]]|publication-place=Italy|date=December 2004|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022039/http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2009|access-date=December 22, 2023}}</ref> The [[2nd New Zealand Division]] under General [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Freyberg]] continued to advance towards Trieste along Route 14 around the northern coast of the Adriatic sea and arrived in the city the following day (see official histories ''The Italian Campaign''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-italian-campaign/faenza-trieste |title=Faenza, Trieste and home – the Italian campaign &#124; NZHistory, New Zealand history online |publisher=Nzhistory.net.nz |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2013-03-12}}</ref> and ''Through the Venetian Line'').<ref>{{cite web|author=Kay, Robin |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Ita-c11-4.html |title=IV: Through the Venetian Line |publisher=NZETC |access-date=2013-03-12}}</ref> The German forces surrendered on the evening of 2 May, but were then turned over to the Yugoslav forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Picamus |first=Daniela |date=2018 |title=Trieste 1945. Una città ferita |url=https://www.openstarts.units.it/server/api/core/bitstreams/aca70fba-3d0d-4eb7-aba7-1fcf7398a6b6/content |access-date=}}</ref>

The Yugoslavs held full control of the city until 12 June, a period known in Italian historiography as the "forty days of Trieste".<ref name="Bramwell1988">{{cite book|author=Anna Bramwell|title=Refugees in the Age of Total War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA138|access-date=29 December 2012|year=1988|publisher=Unwin Hyman|isbn=978-0-04-445194-5|page=138}}</ref> During this period, hundreds of local Italians and anti-Communist Slovenes were arrested by the Yugoslav authorities, and many of them were never seen again.<ref name="Petacco2005">{{cite book|first=Arrigo |last=Petacco|title=Tragedy Revealed: The Story of Italians from Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, 1943–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA89|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2005|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-3921-7|page=89}}</ref> Some were interned in Yugoslav internment camps (in particular at [[Borovnica, Slovenia]]), while others were [[Foibe massacres|murdered]] on the [[Karst Plateau]].{{sfn|Petacco|2005|p=90}} British [[Field Marshal]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]] condemned the Yugoslav military occupation, stating that "Marshal Tito's apparent intention to establish his claims by force of arms...[is] all too reminiscent of Hitler, Mussolini and Japan. It is to prevent such actions that we have been fighting this war."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feis|first1=Herbert|title=Between War and Peace|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|page=282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Race for Trieste|date=1977|publisher=W. Kimber|location=London|page=250}}</ref> In this most turbulent of periods, the city saw a thorough reorganisation of the political-administrative system: the Yugoslav Fourth Army, to which many figures of prominence were attached (including [[Edvard Kardelj]], a sign of just how important the Isonzo front was in Yugoslav aims) established a provisional Military Command in the occupied areas. Fully understanding the precarious position it found itself in, the Yugoslav Command undertook great efforts to claim the success for itself, faced with the presence of the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] under General [[Bernard Freyberg]]  in Trieste, which could undermine, as it did, postwar claims of sovereignty and control over the seaport.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> Cox wrote that it was ''the first major confrontation of the Cold War'' and was ''the one corner of Europe'' where ''no demarcation line had been agreed upon in advance by the Allies.''.<ref>{{cite book |last= [[Geoffrey Cox (journalist)|Cox]] |first= Geoffrey |title= The Race for Trieste (was The Road to Trieste)|accessdate=  |edition= 2 |orig-date= 1947 |year= 1977 |publisher= Whitcoulls |location= New Zealand  |isbn= 0-7183-0375-X |oclc= |page= 7, 250 }} </ref> To this effect, a Tanjug Agency communiqué stated: "The seaport of Trieste, Monfalcone and Gorizia could not be occupied by the above mentioned division [the New Zealand Division] as these cities had already been liberated...by the Yugoslav army...It is true that some Allied forces have without our permission entered into the above mentioned cities which might have undesirable consequences unless this misunderstanding is promptly settled by mutual agreement".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hrženjak |first=Juraj |title=SLOVENSKO PRIMORJE IN ISTRA |publisher=Rad |year=1953 |isbn= |pages=509}}</ref>

==== A city in limbo (1945–1947) ====
After an agreement between the Yugoslav leader [[Josip Broz Tito]] and Field Marshal Alexander, the Yugoslav forces withdrew from Trieste, which came under a joint British-U.S. military administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=196–198 |language=en}}</ref> The Julian March was divided by the [[Morgan Line]] between Anglo-American and Yugoslav military administration until September 1947 when the [[Paris Peace Treaty]] established the [[Free Territory of Trieste]]. The effective turning point for Trieste's fortunes had already been established, though: President Truman's stipulations, later named the Truman Doctrine, in all but name had sealed the status quo, formalised only in the above-mentioned treaty, one that proved to be a careful balancing act between Yugoslav demands, Italian claims and international aims toward the Adriatic gulf and Eastern Europe in general. Questions arose on the structure of government as soon and even earlier than the signing of the treaty, with neither Italy nor Yugoslavia willing to recognise a joint governor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=279–280 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, the newly established Allied Military Government (AMG) found it difficult to exercise its authority over the newly administered territories (the Italian majority provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Pola), because of a rooted communist presence, especially in the countryside. This state of affairs did not change until a formal peace treaty with Italy had been signed, granting the AMG the full powers to administer justice and re-establish law and order in those areas under its administration. Replacing the People's Militia, the AMG recruited a civilian police force from the indigenous population along the Anglo-Saxon police model. This exercise of jurisdiction was thus articulated: pursuant to Proclamation No. 1, three tiers of tribunals were established: the Summary Military Courts, with jurisdiction over petty crime, the Superior Military Courts, which could impose punishments not exceeding 10 years imprisonment, and the General Military Court, which could impose the death penalty. Civil courts, as modelled on the Kingdom of Italy's code, were, pursuant to General Order No. 6, re-established July 12, 1945, but the Slovene minority was given the right to be heard, and for proceedings to be, in their own language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref>