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Universal design
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==Barrier-free design examples== The types of Universal Design elements vary dependent on the targeted population and the space. For example, in public spaces, universal design elements are often broad areas of accessibility while in private spaces, design elements address the specific requirements of the resident.<ref name="Persson-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Persson |first1=Hans |last2=Åhman |first2=Henrik |last3=Yngling |first3=Alexander Arvei |last4=Gulliksen |first4=Jan |date=November 2015 |title=Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts—one goal? On the concept of accessibility—historical, methodological and philosophical aspects |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z |journal=Universal Access in the Information Society |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=505–526 |doi=10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z |s2cid=7411507 |issn=1615-5289|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Examples of these design elements are varied and leverage different approaches for different effects. Some examples include: === Communication === *Bright and appropriate lighting, particularly task lighting * Auditory output redundant with information on visual displays * Visual output redundant with information in auditory output * Contrast controls on visual output * Use of meaningful icons with text labels * Clear lines of sight to reduce dependence on sound * Volume controls on auditory output * Speed controls on auditory output * Choice of language on speech output * Signs with light-on-dark visual contrast * Web pages that provide alternative text to describe images * Instruction that presents material both orally and visually * Labels in large print on equipment control buttons * Audio description, [[closed captioning]] === Access and mobility === *[[Public transit]] systems with low-floor [[bus]]es that "kneel" (bring their front end to ground level to eliminate gap) and/or are equipped with [[Wheelchair ramp|ramp]]s rather than on-board lifts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/universaldesignv0000unse/mode/2up?q=kneeling |title=Universal design and visitability : from {{as written|acces|sability [sic]}} to zoning |date=2007 |isbn=978-1427618955 |editor1-last=Nasar |editor1-first=Jack L |location=Columbus OH |page=53 |oclc=173818638 |editor2-last=Evans-Cowley |editor2-first=Jennifer}}</ref> *Smooth, ground level entrances without stairs * Surface textures that require low force to traverse on level, less than 5 pounds force per 120 pounds rolling force * Surfaces that are stable, firm, and slip resistant per ASTM 2047 * Wide interior doors (3'0"), hallways, and alcoves with 60" × 60" turning space at doors and dead-ends * Functional clearances for approach and use of elements and components * Ramp access in swimming pools === Ease of use === *Lever handles for opening doors rather than twisting knobs * Single-hand operation with closed fist for operable components including fire alarm pull stations * Components that do not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist * Components that require less than 5 pounds of force to operate * Light switches with large flat panels rather than small toggle switches * Buttons and other controls that can be distinguished by touch * "Gesture movements" enabled spaces that may one help control temperature, lighting, social atmosphere, and other sensory qualities of an environment.<ref name="Persson-2015" /> * Cabinets with pull-out shelves, kitchen counters at several heights to accommodate different tasks and postures
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