Editing Urban design (section)

== New approaches ==
There have been many different theories and approaches applied to the practice of urban design.

[[New Urbanism]] is an approach that began in the 1980s as a place-making initiative to combat suburban sprawl. Its goal is to increase density by creating compact and complete towns and neighborhoods. The 10 principles of new urbanism are walkability, connectivity, mixed-use and diversity, mixed housing, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, smart transportation, sustainability, and quality of life. New urbanism and the developments that it has created are sources of debates within the discipline, primarily with the landscape urbanist approach but also due to its reproduction of idyllic architectural tropes that do not respond to the context. [[Andrés Duany|Andres Duany]], [[Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk]], [[Peter Calthorpe]], and [[Jeff Speck]] are all strongly associated with New Urbanism and its evolution over the years.

[[Landscape urbanism|Landscape Urbanism]] is a theory that first surfaced in the 1990s, arguing that the city is constructed of interconnected and ecologically rich horizontal field conditions, rather than the arrangement of objects and buildings. Charles Waldheim, [[Mohsen Mostafavi]], [[James Corner]], and [[Richard Weller]] are closely associated with this theory. Landscape urbanism theorises sites, territories, ecosystems, networks, and infrastructures through [[Landscape design|landscape practice]] according to Corner,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://cdland4.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/corner_terra-fluxus1.pdf|title= Landscape Urbanism Reader, Terra Fluxus|author=James Corner|year=2006|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-439-1}}</ref> while applying a dynamic concept to cities as ecosystems that grow, shrink or change phases of development according to Waldheim.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://scenariojournal.com/article/an-interview-with-charles-waldheim/|title=An Interview With Charles Waldheim: Landscape Urbanism Now |author=Meg Studer|year=2011|publisher=Scenario Journal}}</ref>

[[Everyday Urbanism]] is a concept introduced by Margaret Crawford and influenced by [[Henri Lefebvre|Henry Lefebvre]] that describes the everyday lived experience shared by urban residents including commuting, working, relaxing, moving through city streets and sidewalks, shopping, buying, eating food, and running errands. Everyday urbanism is not concerned with aesthetic value. Instead, it introduces the idea of eliminating the distance between experts and ordinary users and forces designers and planners to contemplate a 'shift of power' and address social life from a direct and ordinary perspective.

[[Tactical urbanism|Tactical Urbanism]] (also known as DIY Urbanism, Planning-by-Doing, Urban Acupuncture, or Urban Prototyping) is a city, organizational, or citizen-led approach to neighborhood-building that uses short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions and policies to catalyze long term change.

Top-up Urbanism is the theory and implementation of two techniques in urban design: top-down and bottom-up. Top-down urbanism is when the design is implemented from the top of the hierarchy - normally the government or planning department. Bottom-up or grassroots urbanism begins with the people or the bottom of the hierarchy. Top-up means that both methods are used together to make a more participatory design, so it is sure to be comprehensive and well regarded in order to be as successful as possible.

Infrastructural Urbanism is the study of how the major investments that go into making infrastructural systems can be leveraged to be more sustainable for communities. Instead of the systems being solely about efficiency in both cost and production, infrastructural urbanism strives to utilize these investments to be more equitable for social and environmental issues as well. Linda Samuels is a designer investigating how to accomplish this change in infrastructure in what she calls "next-generation infrastructure" which is "multifunctional; public; visible; socially productive; locally specific, flexible, and adaptable; sensitive to the eco-economy; composed of design prototypes or demonstration projects; symbiotic; technologically smart; and developed collaboratively across disciplines and agencies".
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Sustainable urbanism">
File:BedZED 2007.jpg|[[BedZED]], Hackfield, London
File:Street in BedZED.jpg|[[BedZED]], Hackfield, London
Arcosanti Cliff View.png|[[Arcosanti]], [[Arizona]]
</gallery>
[[Sustainable urbanism|Sustainable Urbanism]] is the study from the 1990s of how a community can be beneficial for the ecosystem, the people, and the economy for which it is associated. It is based on Scott Campbell's planner's triangle which tries to find the balance between economy, equity, and the environment. Its main concept is to try and make cities as self-sufficient as possible while not damaging the ecosystem around them, today with an increased focus on [[climate change|climate stability]].<ref name="Padmanaban"/> A key designer working with sustainable urbanism is Douglas Farr.

[[Feminist urbanism|Feminist Urbanism]] is the study and critique of how the built environment affects genders differently because of patriarchal social and political structures in society. Typically, the people at the table making design decisions are men, so their conception about public space and the built environment relates to their life perspectives and experiences, which do not reflect the same experiences of women or children. [[Dolores Hayden]] is a scholar who has researched this topic from 1980 to the present day. Hayden's writing says, “when women, men, and children of all classes and races can identify the public domain as the place where they feel most comfortable as citizens, Americans will finally have homelike urban space.”

Educational Urbanism is an emerging discipline, at the crossroads of urban planning, educational planning, and pedagogy. An approach that tackles the notion that economic activities, the need for new skills at the workplace, and the spatial configuration of the workplace rely on the spatial reorientation in the design of educational spaces and the urban dimension of educational planning.

Black Urbanism is an approach in which black communities are active creators, innovators, and authors of the process of designing and creating the neighborhoods and spaces of the metropolitan areas they have done so much to help revive over the past half-century. The goal is not to build black cities for black people but to explore and develop the creative energy that exists in so-called black areas: that has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of the whole city.

=== Debates in urbanism ===
Underlying the practice of urban design are the many theories about how to best design the city. Each theory makes a unique claim about how to effectively design thriving, sustainable urban environments. Debates over the efficacy of these approaches fill the urban design discourse. [[Landscape urbanism|Landscape Urbanism]] and [[New Urbanism]] are commonly debated as distinct approaches to addressing suburban sprawl. While Landscape Urbanism proposes landscape as the basic building block of the city and embraces horizontality, flexibility, and adaptability, New Urbanism offers the neighborhood as the basic building block of the city and argues for increased density, mixed uses, and walkability. Opponents of Landscape Urbanism point out that most of its projects are urban parks, and as such, its application is limited. Opponents of New Urbanism claim that its preoccupation with traditional neighborhood structures is nostalgic, unimaginative, and culturally problematic. Everyday Urbanism argues for grassroots neighborhood improvements rather than master-planned, top-down interventions. Each theory elevates the roles of certain professions in the urban design process, further fueling the debate. In practice, urban designers often apply principles from many urban design theories. Emerging from the conversation is a universal acknowledgement of the importance of increased interdisciplinary collaboration in designing the modern city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelbaugh|first=Douglas|date=2015|title=The Environmental Paradox of the City, Landscape Urbanism, and New Urbanism|journal=Consilience|issue=13|pages=1–15|issn=1948-3074|jstor=26427272}}</ref>