Editing Victim blaming (section)

==Examples==
A myth holds that Jews went passively "[[like sheep to the slaughter]]" during [[The Holocaust]], which is considered by many writers, including [[Emil Fackenheim]], to be a form of victim blaming.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton-Kaplan |first1=Richard |editor1-last=Henry |editor1-first=Patrick |title=Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis |date=2014 |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9780813225890 |pages=8, 21 |chapter=The Myth of Jewish Passivity}}</ref> [[Secondary antisemitism]] is a type of [[antisemitism]] caused by non-Jewish Europeans' attempts to shift [[responsibility for the Holocaust|blame for the Holocaust]] onto the Jews, often summed up by the claim that "The Germans will never forgive the Jews for [[Auschwitz]]."<ref>{{cite web |first1=Benjamin|last1= Weinthal |title=Non-Islamic anti-Semitism in Europe |url=https://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2014/08/31/anti-semitism-europe/ |publisher=[[Jewish Policy Center]] |access-date=5 December 2018 |date=31 August 2014}}</ref>

In recent years,{{When|date=September 2023}} the issue of victim blaming has gained notoriety and become widely recognized in the media, particularly in the context of feminism, as women have often been blamed for behaving in ways that are claimed to encourage harassment.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Australia===
[[Murder of Leigh Leigh|Leigh Leigh]], born Leigh Rennea Mears, was a 14-year-old girl from [[Fern Bay]], [[New South Wales]], Australia, who was murdered on 3 November 1989. While attending a 16-year-old boy's birthday party at [[Stockton Beach]], Leigh was assaulted by a group of boys after she returned distressed from a sexual encounter on the beach that a reviewing judge later called non-consensual. After being kicked and spat on by the group, Leigh left the party. Her [[nudity|naked]] body was found in the sand dunes nearby the following morning, with severe genital damage and a crushed skull. Leigh's murder received considerable attention in the media. Initially focusing on her sexual assault and murder, media attention later concentrated more on the lack of parental supervision and the drugs and alcohol at the party, and on Leigh's sexuality. The media coverage of the murder has been cited as an example of victim blaming.<ref name="carrington">{{cite book |last=Carrington |first=Kerry |title=Who Killed Leigh Leigh? A story of shame and mateship in an Australian town |date=24 July 1998 |publisher=Random House Australia |isbn=978-0-09-183708-2 |location=Sydney, New South Wales |author-link=Kerry Carrington}}</ref>{{rp|131}}

In 1997, the [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Sydney Daily Telegraph]], a conservative tabloid opposition to the [[Sydney Morning Herald]] and [[The Australian]], interviewed anti-LGBT+ school bullies who claimed their gay student victims 'were asking for it' with their [[Camp (style)|camp behaviour]], insinuating that they were [[Gay panic defense|bringing upon themselves]] mistreatment at the hands of students and staff at their schools.<ref>''A Report into Youth Violence in New South Wales''. Report No 8, P.92, Para. 3.10: 'Violence Against Homosexuals and Lesbians': Standing Committee on Social Issues, [[New South Wales Legislative Council]].</ref><ref name ="Queer Trepidations" > Rasmussen, M. L. (2003). ''Queer trepidations and the art of inclusion''. Melbourne Studies in Education, 44(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2003.9558593</ref> The Telegraph devoted its entire front page to the [[Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association#Tsakalos v. DoE|Christopher Tsakalos lawsuit]], with the [[Imperative mood|imperative]] headline "Walk Like a Man". Reporters from the Daily Telegraph also pursued the Tsakalos story in an article titled "Gay boy asked for it — students" (Trute & Angelo, 1997).<ref name ="Queer Trepidations" />

Former Australian Senator [[Fraser Anning]] was sharply criticised for his comments about the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] in New Zealand, in which 51 Muslim worshippers were killed. He claimed that immigration of "Muslim fanatics" led to the attacks, and that "while Muslims may have been victims today, usually they are the perpetrators".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Young |first1=Matt |last2=Molloy |first2=Shannon |last3=Smith |first3=Rohan |date=15 March 2019 |title=Egg Boy speaks out on Fraser Anning: 'Tackled by bogans' |newspaper=News.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/politics/politician-lashes-out-at-muslims-after-christchurch-shootings-they-are-the-perpetrators/news-story/8e3f11fe73821dc3e65d75432ac76f2e}}</ref> Anning also stated that the massacre "highlights...the growing fear within our community...of the increasing Muslim presence". The comments received international attention and were overwhelmingly criticised as being insensitive and racist, and sympathetic to the views of the perpetrator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-16 |title=Fury as Australian senator blames Christchurch attack on Muslim immigration |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/australian-senator-fraser-anning-criticised-blaming-new-zealand-attack-on-muslim-immigration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-16 |title=Australian senator Fraser Anning punches teen after being egged |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/16/australian-senator-fraser-anning-punches-teen-after-being-egged}}</ref>

In some [[Common Law]] jurisdictions such as the UK, Canada, and several Australian states, the defense of provocation is only available against a charge of murder and only acts to reduce the conviction to manslaughter. Until recently criminal courts have regarded sexual infidelity such as [[adultery]] and [[fornication]] as sufficiently grave provocation as to provide a warrant, indeed a 'moral warrant', for reducing murder to manslaughter. While the warrant has spilled over into diminished responsibility defences, wounding, grievous bodily harm and attempted murder cases, it is provocation cases that have provided the precedents enshrining a defendant's impassioned homicidal sexual infidelity tale as excusatory. Periodically, judges and law reformers attempt to rein in provocation defences, most recently in England and Wales where provocation has been replaced by a loss of control defence that, most controversially, specifically excludes sexual infidelity as a trigger for loss of control.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=Adrian |date=2013 |title='Red mist' homicide: sexual infidelity and the English law of murder (glossing Titus Andronicus) |journal=Legal Studies |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=407–430 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-121X.2012.00254.x |hdl=10072/50057 |s2cid=142871847|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Germany===
The [[New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany]] took place in 2016 where large groups of men assaulted multiple women, [[mayor of Cologne]] [[Henriette Reker]] came under heavy criticism, as her response appeared to blame the victims. She called for women to follow a "[[code of conduct]]," including staying at an "arm's length" from strangers.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |title=Mayor of Cologne says women should have code of conduct to prevent future assault |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mayor-of-cologne-says-women-should-have-code-of-conduct-to-prevent-future-assault-a6798186.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mayor-of-cologne-says-women-should-have-code-of-conduct-to-prevent-future-assault-a6798186.html |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> By the evening of 5 January, ''#einearmlänge'' ("an arm's length") became one of Germany's top-trending hashtags on [[Twitter]].<ref name="DW2">{{cite news |title=Twitter storm as Cologne mayor suggests women stay at 'arm's length' from strangers |url=http://www.dw.com/en/twitter-storm-as-cologne-mayor-suggests-women-stay-at-arms-length-from-strangers/a-18962430 |access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Reker called a crisis meeting with the police in response to the incidents.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7708169.stm|work=BBC News|title=Stoning victim 'begged for mercy'|date=4 November 2008|access-date=2 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="DW">{{cite news |title=A 'new dimension' of sexual assault in Cologne| url=http://www.dw.com/en/a-new-dimension-of-sexual-assault-in-cologne/a-18959299 |access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Reker called it "completely improper" to link the perpetrators to refugees.<ref name="BBC3">{{cite news|title=Cologne sex attacks: Merkel disgust at New Year gang assaults|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35237173|access-date=5 January 2016|work=BBC News|date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

===Italy===
Coverage of the 2016 [[Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen]], an American murdered in Italy during a sexual encounter with a Senegalese immigrant, focused on the victim blaming in cross-cultural encounters.<ref name="GrisafiGoodVictim">{{cite news|last1=Grisafi|first1=Patricia|title=The myth of the good victim: As an American facing street harassment abroad, I wondered what it meant to be a "good victim"|url=http://www.salon.com/2016/03/25/the_myth_of_the_good_victim_as_an_american_facing_street_harassment_abroad_i_wondered_what_it_meant_to_be_a_good_victim/|access-date=8 January 2017|work=Salon.com|date=25 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="NadeauvictimBlamed">{{cite news|last1=Nadeau|first1=Barbie Latza|title=Ashley Olsen Didn't Deserve to Die, No Matter How Hard She Partied|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/ashley-olsen-didnt-deserve-to-die-no-matter-how-hard-she-partied|access-date=9 January 2017|newspaper=Daily Beast|date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

===India===
In a case that attracted worldwide coverage, when [[2012 Delhi gang rape|a woman was raped and killed in Delhi]] in December 2012, some Indian government officials and political leaders blamed the victim for various things, mostly based on conjecture. Many of the people involved later apologized.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/01/04/amid-rape-fiasco-indias-leaders-keep-up-insensitive-remarks/ |title=Amid rape fiasco, India's leaders keep up insensitive remarks |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref>

In August 2017, the hashtag #AintNoCinderella trended on social media India, in response to a high-profile instance of victim-blaming. After Varnika Kundu was stalked and harassed by two men on her way home late at night, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Vice President Ramveer Bhatti addressed the incident with a claim that Kundu was somehow at fault for being out late by herself. Social media users took to Twitter and Instagram to challenge the claim that women should not be out late at night, and if they are, they are somehow "asking for it". Hundreds of women shared photos of themselves staying out past midnight, dressing boldly, and behaving in (harmless) ways that tend to be condemned in old-fashioned, anti-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Geeta |title=#AintNoCinderella: Why Indian women are posting midnight photos |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/40872788 |work=BBC News |date=9 August 2017 }}</ref>

===Jordan===
Women in Jordan have been victim-blamed for [[sexual harassment]] for not wearing a [[hijab]].<ref name="a604">{{cite journal | last1=Bergenfeld | first1=Irina | last2=Clark | first2=Cari Jo | last3=Sandhu | first3=Seema | last4=Yount | first4=Kathryn M. | last5=Essaid | first5=Aida A. | last6=Sajdi | first6=Jude | last7=Abu Taleb | first7=Rand | last8=Robbin | first8=Zoe | last9=Batayeh | first9=Brian | last10=Zwooqar | first10=Ahad | last11=Spencer | first11=Rachael A. | title="There Is Always an Excuse to Blame the Girl": Perspectives on Sexual Harassment at a Jordanian University | journal=Violence Against Women | volume=28 | issue=14 | date=2022 | issn=1077-8012 | doi=10.1177/10778012221079373 | pages=3457–3481| pmid=35200046 }}</ref>

===United States===
In 1938 the [[Madera Tribune]] ran the front-page headline ''"Mother Blames her Daughter Equally with Man for Murder"'' in describing the stabbing death of 19-year-old Leona Vlught in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]].<ref name="MotherBlamesDaughterEqually1938">{{cite news |date=December 9, 1938 |title=Mother Blames Her Daughter Equally With Man For Murder |volume=LXXIII |page=1 |work=Madera Tribune |number=32 |place=Oakland, California |publication-place=Madera, California |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19381209.2.15&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |access-date=September 13, 2022 |quote=What a mother did not know about her own daughter softened today Mrs. Leonard Vlught's resentment against the boy who killed her. She wondered if she had given the girl too much freedom. She learned, too late, that her own child drank, went on a petting party when she was supposed to be spending the night with girl friends, and kept company with a youth whose crime career began when he was 12. Burdened with grief as she prepared to bury her daughter, the mother judged her for what had happened, and held her equally to blame.}}</ref> The victim's mother's "resentment against the boy who killed her" was said to be softened upon learning that her daughter drank alcohol and "went on a [[Flapper#Petting parties|petting party]] when she was supposed to be spending the night with girl friends".<ref name="MotherBlamesDaughterEqually1938" /> The perpetrator Rodney Greig was later convicted of the crime and executed in the [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin]] [[gas chamber]].

[[2010 gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas|In a 2010 case]], an 11-year-old female rape victim who suffered repeated [[gang rape]]s in [[Cleveland, Texas]], was accused by a defense attorney of being a seductress who lured men to their doom.<ref name="slate1">{{cite magazine |last=Adams |first=Sam |date=29 November 2012 |title=Cleveland, Texas rape case: Defense attorney calls pre-teen victim a spider, but that's his job |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2012/11/29/cleveland_texas_rape_case_defense_attorney_calls_pre_teen_victim_a_spider.html |magazine=Slate |access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref>  "Like [[The Spider and the Fly (poem)|the spider and the fly]]. Wasn't she saying, 'Come into my parlor', said the spider to the fly?", he asked a witness.<ref name="slate1" /> The ''[[New York Times]]'' ran an article uncritically reporting on the way many in the community blamed the victim, for which the newspaper later apologized.<ref name="slate1" /><ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2011 |title=NY Times Defends Victim Blaming Coverage of Child Rape Case |publisher=Mediabistro.com |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/ny-times-defends-victim-blaming-coverage-of-child-rape-case_b24236 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913030938/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/ny-times-defends-victim-blaming-coverage-of-child-rape-case_b24236 |archive-date=13 September 2011}}</ref>