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Western corn rootworm
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=== Crop rotation === [[Crop rotation]] is a consistent and economical means of controlling rootworms the season following an outbreak in corn-growing areas where rootworm beetles primarily lay eggs in corn. As a way to reduce rootworm densities, it is more effective than insecticides.<ref name=Wright/> Corn rootworm larvae must feed on corn roots to develop and mature properly. If they hatch in a field without corn, they starve because they cannot move more than 10 to {{convert|20|in|mm}} in search of food.<ref name=peairs/> However, two rootworm biotypes survive rotation. The "soybean" variant was first discovered in central Illinois in the late 1980s and spread throughout Illinois, Indiana, southern Wisconsin and eastern Iowa.<ref>Rice, M. E. and J. J. Tollefson. [http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2006/3-13/variant.html The variant western corn rootworm in Iowa. Iowa State University]. March 13, 2006. Viewed February 3, 2007.</ref> Instead of laying eggs into a corn field, the females of the soybean variant mate and then fly into a soybean field to lay their eggs, allowing the larvae to hatch in a field likely to rotate back to corn the following year. In the 1980s northern corn rootworm began to be a problem by beating the corn rotation practice with extended [[diapause]] eggs.<ref>Willson H. R. and J. B. Eisley. [http://ohioline.osu.edu/ent-fact/0017.html Monitoring Western Corn Rootworm Activity in Soybeans to Predict Rootworm Injury in First-Year Corn]. August 2001. Viewed February 3, 2007.</ref> The eggs remained in the soil for two years or more before hatching, thereby avoiding the soybean year. As of 2017, this adaptation has been observed in areas of Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota, Wisconsin and Nebraska.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Calles-Torrez|first1=Veronica|last2=Knodel|first2=Janet J|last3=Boetel|first3=Mark A|last4=French|first4=B Wade|last5=Fuller|first5=Billy W|last6=Ransom|first6=Joel K|date=2019-05-22|title=Field-Evolved Resistance of Northern and Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations to Corn Hybrids Expressing Single and Pyramided Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35Ab1 Bt Proteins in North Dakota|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|volume=112|issue=4|pages=1875β1886|doi=10.1093/jee/toz111|pmid=31114868|s2cid=162170836|issn=0022-0493}}</ref> Companion or second crop planting can dramatically increase rootworm populations. Corn with pumpkins or corn following pumpkins are examples of planting patterns that exacerbate rootworm feeding pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grozea|first1=Ioana|last2=Stef|first2=Ramona|last3=Virteiu|first3=Ana Maria|last4=Molnar|first4=Levente|last5=Carabet|first5=Alin|last6=Puia|first6=Carmen|last7=Dobrin|first7=Ionela|date=2015-11-27|title=Feeding behaviour of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera adults on corn crops|journal=Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture|volume=72|issue=2|doi=10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:11393|issn=1843-5394|doi-access=free}}</ref> Shrestha, Dunbar, French and Gassmann have reported that field history causes variation in the degree of corn rootworm resistance. All the fields they found had corn rootworms resistant to the traits, but they observed that significantly more corn rootworm larvae survived in fields with Bt resistance. They recommend faithful crop rotation not only for reducing the population of the worm, but to slow the adaptation of the worm as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shrestha|first1=Ram B.|last2=Dunbar|first2=Mike W.|last3=French|first3=Bryan W.|last4=Gassmann|first4=Aaron J.|date=2018-07-03|title=Effects of field history on resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=e0200156|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200156|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6029802|pmid=29969492|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1300156S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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