Editing Z3 (computer) (section)

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Rojas_1997_Legacy">{{cite journal |title=Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3 |author-last=Rojas |author-first=Raúl |author-link=Raúl Rojas |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=19 |number=2 |date=April–June 1997 |pages=5–16 [7–8] |doi=10.1109/85.586067 |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Zuse_Z1_and_Z3.pdf |access-date=2022-07-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703082408/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Zuse_Z1_and_Z3.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-03}} (12 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Rojas_1997_Universal">{{cite journal |title=How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer |author-last=Rojas |author-first=Raúl |author-link=Raúl Rojas |date=1997-09-05 |publication-date=July–September 1998 |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=20 |issue=3 |doi=10.1109/85.707574 |pages=51–54 |url=http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/inst/ag-ki/rojas_home/documents/1997/Universal_Computer.pdf |access-date=2022-07-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209133441/http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/inst/ag-ki/rojas_home/documents/1997/Universal_Computer.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-09}} (8 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Randell_1972">{{cite conference |title=On Alan Turing and the Origins of Digital Computers |author-last=Randell |author-first=Brian |author-link=Brian Randell |editor-last1=Meltzer |editor-first1=Bernard |editor-link1=Bernard Meltzer (computer scientist) |editor-last2=Michie |editor-first2=Donald |editor-link2=Donald Michie |place=Edinburgh|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |conference=Seventh Annual Machine Intelligence Workshop |series=Machine Intelligence |volume=7 |date=1972 |isbn=0-85224-234-4 |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/06/102724643-05-01-acc.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Copeland_2000">{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Modern History of Computing |author-first=Brian Jack |author-last=Copeland |author-link=Brian Jack Copeland |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=June 9, 2006 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/computing-history/ |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Copeland_2006">{{cite book |title=Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers |editor-first=Brian Jack |editor-last=Copeland |editor-link=Brian Jack Copeland |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-284055-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Hellige_2004">{{cite book |editor-first=Hans Dieter |editor-last=Hellige |title=Geschichten der Informatik. Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive |language=de |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |date=2004 |isbn=978-3-540-00217-8 |pages=102, 113, 115, 152 |quote-page=102 |quote=Man hat 1939 über uns gelächelt, als wir elektronische Geräte bauen wollten. […] Wir sagten uns damals: Die elektronische Maschine ist wunderbar, aber erst müssen ihre Bauelemente entwickelt werden.}}</ref>
<ref name="Lippe_2007">{{cite book |title=Die Geschichte der Rechenautomaten |language=de |trans-title=The history of calculating machines |chapter=Kapitel 14 – Die ersten programmierbaren Rechner |trans-chapter=The first programmable computers |author-last=Lippe |author-first=Wolfram-Manfred |author-link=:d:Q102176548 |date=2010|orig-date=2007 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-36193-7_6 |doi-broken-date=2 January 2025 |url=http://cs.uni-muenster.de/Professoren/Lippe/lehre/skripte/geschichte/index.html |chapter-url=http://cs.uni-muenster.de/Professoren/Lippe/lehre/skripte/geschichte/pdf/Kap14.pdf |access-date=2010-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719110029/http://cs.uni-muenster.de/Professoren/Lippe/lehre/skripte/geschichte/pdf/Kap14.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213213039/http://cs.uni-muenster.de/Professoren/Lippe/lehre/skripte/geschichte/index.html] (NB. This script was published in December 2013 in a three-volume book series "Geschichte der Rechenautomaten": "Von der Himmelsscheibe von Nebra bis zu den ersten Rechenmaschinen", "Von mechanischen Chiffriergeräten bis zu den ersten programmierbaren Rechnern" and "Von der Entwicklung der Hardware bis zum WWW" by [[Springer Vieweg]], but abandoned when a lot of the content was found to have been plagiarized from other sources including Wikipedia.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220918074721/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/ein-plagiatsfall-bei-springer-vieweg-12936387.html][https://web.archive.org/web/20220918074738/https://www-mailman.uni-regensburg.de/pipermail/oldenburg/2014-June/000739.html][https://web.archive.org/web/20220918075014/https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/uni-muenster-ehemaliger-informatik-professor-soll-wikipedia-plagiiert-haben/])</ref>
<ref name="Ceruzzi_1983">{{cite book |author-last=Ceruzzi |author-first=Paul E. |author-link=Paul E. Ceruzzi |title=Reckoners: The Prehistory of The Digital Computer, From Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935–1945 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |date=1983 |chapter=2. Computers in Germany |isbn=0-313-23382-9 |pages=21, 30, 32–39 |chapter-url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Reckoners-ch-2.html |access-date=2018-11-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Slater_1989">{{cite book |title=Portraits in Silicon |author-last=Slater |author-first=Robert |author-link=Robert Slater |date=1989 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-26269131-4 |pages=46–47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWTtMyYmKhUC&pg=PA46}}</ref>
<ref name="Schindler_1990">{{cite book |title=Computer-aided software design: build quality software with CASE |language=en |author-last=Schindler |author-first=Max J. |date=1990 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-47150650-8 |page=419 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxWzAAAAIAAJ&q=determinants}}</ref>
<ref name="Hohn_1998">{{cite book |author-first=Hans-Willy |author-last=Hohn |author-link=:de:Hans-Willy Hohn |title=Kognitive Strukturen und Steuerungsprobleme der Forschung. Kernphysik und Informatik im Vergleich |date=1998 |publisher=Schriften des Max-Planck-Instituts für Gesellschaftsforschung Köln |language=de |isbn=978-3-593-36102-4 |pages=148–149}}</ref>
<ref name="Weiss_1996">{{cite journal |title=Konrad Zuse Obituary |author-last=Weiss |author-first=Eric A. |date=Summer 1996 |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |language=en-US |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1109/mahc.1996.489747 |issn=1058-6180}}</ref>
<ref name="Borchers_2016">{{cite web |title=Vor 75 Jahren: Computer Z3 wird vorgeführt |language=de-DE |trans-title=75 years ago: Computer Z3 is demonstrated |author-last=Borchers |author-first=Detlef Henning |author-link=:de:Detlef Henning Borchers |date=2016-05-12 |website=[[heise online]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Vor-75-Jahren-Computer-Z3-wird-vorgefuehrt-3205261.html |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_2010">{{anchor|Zuse-2010}}{{cite book |title=Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk |language=de |author-first=Konrad |author-last=Zuse |author-link=Konrad Zuse |location=Berlin, Germany |edition=5 |isbn=978-3-64212095-4 |publisher=Springer |date=2010 |page=78 |quote=Während des Krieges wäre es freilich ohnehin kaum möglich gewesen, leistungsfähige Geräte mit Speicherprogrammen zu bauen.}} (NB. An [[#Zuse-2013|English translation]] exists.)</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_2013">{{anchor|Zuse-2013}}{{cite book |title=The Computer – My Life |language=en |author-last=Zuse |author-first=Konrad |author-link=Konrad Zuse |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-3-66202931-2 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edWoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64}} (NB. This is a translation of the original German title {{lang|de|[[#Zuse-2010|Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk]]}}.)</ref>
<ref name="Morelli_2001">{{cite book |title=Dalle calcolatrici ai computer degli anni Cinquanta |language=it |author-last=Morelli |author-first=Marcello |date=2001 |publisher=FrancoAngeli |isbn=978-8-84642879-0 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5GszzXR550C&pg=PA177 |access-date=2014-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Williams-Kilburn_1948">{{cite journal |title=Electronic Digital Computers |author-last1=Williams |author-first1=Frederic Calland |author-link1=Frederic Calland Williams |author-last2=Kilburn |author-first2=Tom |author-link2=Tom Kilburn |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=1948-09-25 |volume=162 |issue=4117 |bibcode=1948Natur.162..487W |s2cid=4110351 |page=487 |doi=10.1038/162487a0 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Faber_2000">{{citation |title=Konrad Zuses Bemühungen um die Patentanmeldung der Z3 |language=de |author-first=Susanne |author-last=Faber |date=2000}}</ref>
<ref name="Ulmann_2013">{{cite book |title=Analog Computing |language=en |author-last=Ulmann |author-first=Bernd |author-link=:de:Bernd Ulmann |date=2013
|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-48675518-3 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1DpBQAAQBAJ&q=Hoelzer+1941&pg=PA38}}</ref>
<ref name="Maier_2007">{{cite book |title=Forschung als Waffe |language=de |author-first=Helmut |author-last=Maier |author-link=:de:Helmut Maier (Wissenschaftshistoriker) |publisher={{ill|Wallstein Verlag|de}} |date=2007 |isbn=978-3-8353-0109-2 |page=847}}</ref>
<ref name="DHM_2013">{{cite web |title=An einem 12. Mai |language=de |publisher=[[Deutsches Historisches Museum]] (German Historical Museum) |url=http://www.dhm.de/gaeste/luise/tagesfakten/tf05/0512.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530040033/http://www.dhm.de/gaeste/luise/tagesfakten/tf05/0512.htm |archive-date=2013-05-30}}</ref>
<ref name="Tomayko_1985">{{cite journal |title=Helmut Hoelzer's Fully Electronic Analog Computer |date=1985 |author-last=Tomayko |author-first=James E. |s2cid=15986944 |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1985.10025 |pages=227–240}}</ref>
<ref name="Neufeld_1995">{{cite book |title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era |author-last=Neufeld |author-first=Michael J. |author-link=Michael J. Neufeld |date=1995 |publication-place=New York |publisher=[[The Free Press (publisher)|The Free Press]], [[Simon & Schuster Inc.]] / [[The Smithsonian Institution]] |isbn=0-02-922895-6 |lccn=94-30088 |page=106}}<!-- (368? pages) --></ref>
<ref name="Neufeld_2013">{{cite book |title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era |language=en |author-last=Neufeld |author-first=Michael J. |author-link=Michael J. Neufeld |date=2013 |edition=2 |version=3.1 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Books]] / [[The Smithsonian Institution]] |publication-place=Washington, DC |isbn=((987-1-58834-467-0))<!-- this is the ISBN actually printed in the book --> |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6BfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138}}<!-- (400? pages) --></ref>
<ref name="NYT_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html |title=A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On |date=1994-04-20 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104051054/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html |archive-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="CMLI">{{cite web |url=http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Z3-Computer-1939.htm |title=Z3 Computer (1938–1941) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617234903/http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Z3-Computer-1939.htm |archive-date=2008-06-17 |website=www.computermuseum.li}}</ref>
<ref name="RTD">{{cite web |url=http://www.rtd-net.de/Zuse.html |title=Konrad Zuse Biography |website=RTD Net |quote=From various sides Konrad Zuse was awarded with the title "Inventor of the computer".}}</ref>
<ref name="GermanWay">{{cite web |url=https://www.german-way.com/notable-people/featured-bios/konrad-zuse/ |title=Konrad Zuse |website=The German Way |quote=The Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin (ZIB), founded in 1986, is a working memorial to the German inventor of the computer.}}</ref>
<ref name="Leszczynski_2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/tech/features/article_1566782.php/Z-like-Zuse-German-inventor-of-the-computer |title=Z like Zuse: German inventor of the computer |author-first=Ulrike |author-last=von Leszczynski |date=2010-06-27 |website=Monsters & Critics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522022610/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/tech/features/article_1566782.php/Z-like-Zuse-German-inventor-of-the-computer |archive-date=2013-05-22 |url-status=dead |quote=he [Zuse] built the world's first computer in Berlin}}</ref>
<ref name="Bellis_2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/konrad-zuse-modern-computer-4078237 |title=Konrad Zuse and the Invention of the Modern Computer |author-first=Mary |author-last=Bellis |date=2017-07-31 |quote=Zuse earned the semi-official title of "inventor of the modern computer" for his series of automatic calculators, which he invented to help him with his lengthy engineering calculations.}}</ref>
<ref name="Parsons-Oja_2007">[https://books.google.com/books?id=VVVVkm9G5jgC&dq=konrad+zuse%2C+nazi&pg=PA489 "New perspectives, computer concepts"], June Jamrich Parsons, Dan Oja. Cengage Learning, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-4239-0610-0}}. Retrieved 2010-03-14.</ref>
<ref name="Kauther-Wirtz_2013">Alexander Kauther, Paul Wirtz: ''Der Einzelkämpfer Dorner''. Grin Verlag Gmbh, 2013, {{ISBN|3-656-04860-6}}</ref>
<ref name="ZIB_Chrono">{{cite web |url=http://www.zib.de/zuse/Inhalt/Texte/Chrono/60er/Html/0315/0315.html |title=1977-compilation by Zuse of people in contact to his computers from 1935 to 1945 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928123346/http://www.zib.de/zuse/Inhalt/Texte/Chrono/60er/Html/0315/0315.html |archive-date=2011-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Bruderer">{{cite web |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/68647/eth-2428-01.pdf |title=Konrad Zuse und die ETH Zürich |language=de |author=Herbert Bruderer, [[ETH Zurich]] |date=2010 |publisher=ETH Zurich |access-date=2023-12-04 |doi=10.3929/ethz-a-006313025}}</ref>
<ref name="parTU_2009">{{cite web |url=http://www2.tu-berlin.de/alumni/parTU/00dez/zuse.htm |title=Technische Universität Berlin – Rechenhilfe für Ingenieure |language=de |publisher=[[Technische Universität Berlin]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213222711/http://www2.tu-berlin.de/alumni/parTU/00dez/zuse.htm |archive-date=2009-02-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Campbell-Kelly_1995">{{Cite web |title=Obituary: Konrad Zuse |author-last=Campbell-Kelly |author-first=Martin |author-link=Martin Campbell-Kelly |work=[[The Independent]] |date=1995-12-21 |access-date=2021-05-11 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-konrad-zuse-1526795.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-konrad-zuse-1526795.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_1987">{{Cite web |url=http://history.computer.org/pioneers/zuse.html |title=My First Computer and First Thoughts About Data Processing |author-last=Zuse |author-first=Konrad |author-link=Konrad Zuse |date=1987-10-02 |website=history.computer.org |series=Computer Pioneers – Konrad Zuse |access-date=2018-05-14}} Search for ''1941''; ["Computer Design-Past, Present, Future", talk in Lund/Sweden, 1987-10-02, previously unpublished.]</ref>
<ref name="Schreyer">[http://www.nue.tu-berlin.de/menue/geschichte/historische_persoenlichkeiten/schreyer "Helmut Schreyer" at the University of Berlin]</ref>
<ref name="Hirschler">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E5DF1531F93AA35751C0A9679C8B63 H. Otto Hirschler, 87, Aided Space Program]</ref>
<ref name="Neumann_1945">{{cite web |author-last=von Neumann |author-first=John |author-link=John von Neumann |title=First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC |date=1945 |url=http://www.virtualtravelog.net/wp/wp-content/media/2003-08-TheFirstDraft.pdf |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016002547/http://www.virtualtravelog.net/wp/wp-content/media/2003-08-TheFirstDraft.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Stored-program concept |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567553/stored-program-concept |access-date=2014-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Bauer_1998">{{cite journal |title=Wer erfand den von-Neumann-Rechner? |language=de |trans-title=Who invented the von Neumann computer? |author-last=Bauer |author-first=Friedrich Ludwig |author-link=Friedrich Ludwig Bauer |journal=[[Informatik Spektrum]] |issn=0170-6012 |publisher={{ill|Spektrum Akademischer Verlag|de}} |publication-place=Heidelberg, Germany |date=April 1998 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=84–88 |doi=10.1007/s002870050091 |s2cid=28380924 |quote="[Zuses] erst Jahre später publizierten visionären Ideen (Lebendige Rechenpläne) zielten in die richtige praktische Richtung, wurden von ihm aber nie verwirklicht." |trans-quote=[Zuse's] visionary ideas (Living programs) which were only to be published years afterwards aimed at the right practical direction but were never implemented by him.}}</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_2006">{{cite web |title=Anmerkungen zum John von Neumann Rechner |language=de |trans-title=Annotation on the John von Neumann computer |author-first=Horst |author-last=Zuse |author-link=Horst Zuse |date=2006 |page=9 |url=http://www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/fiff99-a-2006.pdf |access-date=2022-09-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311053318/https://horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/fiff99-a-2006.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-11}} (18 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Rojas_DCIS">{{cite web |title=Reconstruction of Konrad Zuse's Z3 Computer |author-first=Raúl |author-last=Rojas |author-link=Raúl Rojas |url=http://dcis.inf.fu-berlin.de/rojas/reconstruction-of-konrad-zuses-z3-computer/ |website=dcis.inf.fu-berlin.de}}</ref>
<ref name="ZIB">{{cite web |title=Reconstructing the calculating machine Z3 |url=http://zuse.zib.de/reconstructionZ3 |website=Konrad Zuse Internet Archive}}</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/z3-nachbau-2001.html |title=Z3-Nachbau-2001 |website=www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de |language=de |trans-title=Z3 replica 2001}}</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_2013_IFIP">{{cite conference |author-last=Zuse |author-first=Horst |author-link=Horst Zuse |title=Reconstruction of Konrad Zuse's Z3 |volume=416 |date=2013 |book-title=Making the History of Computing Relevant |pages=287–296 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-41650-7_26 |isbn=978-3-64241649-1 |conference=IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference, HC 2013 |series=IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology |doi-access=free | editor1= Arthur Tatnall | editor2=Tilly Blyth | editor3= Roger Johnson}}</ref>
<ref name="Zwernemann-Blech_2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/horst-zuse-zuse-jahr-2010-html/english/veranstaltung.html |title=Events during Zuse Year 2010 |author-last=Zwernemann-Blech |author-first=Irene |website=www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de |access-date=2018-11-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Zuse_2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/horst-zuse-z3-html/z3-vermarktung.html |title=Z3-Präsentationen|website=www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de |language=de |trans-title=Z3 – Presentations |access-date=2018-11-03}}</ref>
<ref name="DLR">{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte des DLR-Standorts Berlin-Adlershof |at=1941 |language=de |url=https://www.dlr.de/de/das-dlr/ueber-uns/geschichte-des-dlr/die-geschichte-des-dlr-standorts-berlin-adlershof |publisher=[[German Aerospace Center]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Haigh_2016">{{cite book |author-last=Haigh |author-first=Thomas |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952615433 |title=ENIAC in action: making and remaking the modern computer |date=2016 |others=Mark Priestley, Crispin Rope |isbn=978-0-262-03398-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London|publisher=[[MIT Press]] |pages=113–114 |oclc=952615433}}</ref>
<ref name="Cruz_2013">{{cite web |author-last=Cruz |author-first=Frank |date=2013-11-09 |title=Programming the ENIAC |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/eniac.html |access-date=2016-05-16 |website=Programming the ENIAC |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>
}}