Editing .yu

{{Short description|Internet country code top-level domain for Yugoslavia}}{{Infobox Top level domain
|name=.yu
|image=
|introduced={{start date|df=yes|1989|06|15}}
|type=[[Country code top-level domain]]
|status=Discontinued
|removed = {{end date|df=y|2010|3|30}}
|registry=nic.yu (Yugoslav Internet Domain Registry)
|sponsor=YUNET Association
|intendeduse=Entities connected with the former {{flag|Yugoslavia}} and {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}
|actualuse=
|restrictions=Registration not available since 10 March 2008.
|structure=Registrations were made at third level beneath established subdomains
|document=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080302183258/http://www.nic.yu/pravilnik-e.html Policy statement]
|disputepolicy=
|website=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081025181907/http://www.nic.yu/index-e.html nic.yu (formerly)]}}

'''.yu''' was the [[Internet]] [[country code]] [[top-level domain]] ([[ccTLD]]) that was assigned to [[Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] in 1989 and was mainly used by [[Serbia and Montenegro]] and its two successor states. After [[Montenegro]] and [[Serbia]] acquired separate [[.me]] and [[.rs]] domains in 2007, a transition period started, and the .yu domain finally expired in 2010.<ref name="rnids-home">{{cite web |url=http://www.rnids.rs/en/node/67 |title=The Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names Home Page |publisher=RNIDS |access-date=30 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201171046/http://www.rnids.rs/en/node/67 |archive-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

==History==

The .yu ccTLD was assigned originally to the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were the [[University of Maribor]] and the [[Jožef Stefan Institute]], which were located in [[Slovenia]]. Computer scientist [[Borka Jerman Blažič]] registered the domain in 1989, which allowed Yugoslavia to have an Internet connection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://siol.net/digisvet/novice/to-je-znanstvenica-ki-je-v-slovenijo-pripeljala-internet-418385|title=To je znanstvenica, ki je v Slovenijo pripeljala internet #intervju|trans-title=This is the scientist who brought the internet to Slovenia #interview|last=Pirnat|first=Andrej J.|date=30 May 2016|work=Siol.net|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708224026/http://siol.net/digisvet/novice/to-je-znanstvenica-ki-je-v-slovenijo-pripeljala-internet-418385|archive-date=8 July 2017|language=sl}}</ref>

When the SFR Yugoslavia dissolved, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia registered their own ccTLDs ([[.si]], [[.hr]], [[.ba]] and [[.mk]]). [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Serbia]] and [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Montenegro]] formed the [[Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], but was [[sanctions against Yugoslavia|under international sanctions at the time]] because of ongoing [[Yugoslav wars]]. Between 1992 and 1994, the domain was run by [[ARNES]] who only used it for email. ARNES rejected all requests by Serbian institutions for new domains, severely limiting the country’s access to the internet.<ref name="kolev">{{Cite web |title=Yugoslavia's Digital Twin |url=https://www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-9/yugolsav-wars-yu-domain-history-icann |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Dial |language=en-US}}</ref> The domain became a [[succession of states|succession matter]] when the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to the [[University of Belgrade]] in [[Serbia]], which had requested they do so.

Following the personal intervention of the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] founder [[Jon Postel]],<ref name="kolev"/> in 1994 IANA finally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. After that, the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the [[University of Belgrade]].

The FR Yugoslavia renamed itself [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD [[.cs]] was reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However, .cs was never actually used, and .yu remained one of the few ccTLDs that [[CcTLD#ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1|did not correspond]] to a current [[ISO 3166-1]] two-letter code.

The state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in June 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change of [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] code CS to RS. The new domains [[.rs]] for Serbia and [[.me]] for Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.

In September 2007 [[ICANN]] resolved that the .yu domain would be operated temporarily under the [[Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names]] (RNIDS), operators of the new .rs domain registry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icann.org/en/board-activities-and-meetings/materials/preliminary-report-special-meeting-of-the-board-11-09-2007-en |title=Preliminary Report for Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors |date=11 September 2007 |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=ICANN}}</ref> A two-year transition period started, and the .yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-30sep09.htm |title=Preliminary Report of Special Board Meeting |publisher=ICANN |date=30 September 2009 |access-date=13 October 2009 <!--Added by DASHBot--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015052446/http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-30sep09.htm |archive-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8278364.stm |title=End in sight for Yugoslav domains |work=BBC News |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=29 September 2009 <!--Added by DASHBot--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929193928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8278364.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the .yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010.<ref name="rnids-home"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ben-David|first=Anat|date=1 August 2016|title=What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the former Yugoslav top-level domain|journal=New Media & Society|language=en|volume=18|issue=7|pages=1103–1119|doi=10.1177/1461444816643790|s2cid=2906701|issn=1461-4448}}</ref> All .yu websites that failed to transition were deleted, including historical ones.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Toole|first=Frani|date=2019-02-20|title=The New Museum Hits "Save" on Net Art|url=https://hyperallergic.com/485466/the-new-museum-hits-save-on-net-art/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> 
RNIDS estimated there to have been around four thousand active websites using the .yu domain at the time of its deprecation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rnids.rs/en/what-s-new/yu-domain-becomes-history |title=YU domain becomes history |publisher=www.rnids.rs |date=30 March 2010 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

==Former use of .yu domains==
All of the domains directly under .yu were reserved for [[Juristic person|legal entities]] only. Top level domain was reserved for federal institutions and official governmental institutions, as well as [[Internet service provider]]s. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] was also allowed to use .yu domain.

The [[second-level domain]]s under .yu included:

* Academic organizations, such as universities, used the '''.ac.yu''' domain. For example, the School of Electrical Engineering (ETF) at the University of Belgrade (BG) had the etf.bg.ac.yu domain.
* Educational institutions, such as primary and high schools, used the '''.edu.yu''' domain.
* Independent organizations used the '''.org.yu''' domain.
* Corporations used the '''.co.yu''' domain.
* The Government used the '''.gov.yu''' domain.

[[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] websites often used the [[.cg.yu]] subdomain which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which controlled the domain, which made it a popular option for those who opted not to purchase a domain for their website.

== In the media ==
The domain is part of the story in the 2013 mini-documentary film ''From Yu to Me''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tanyaleighton.com/artists/aleksandra-domanovic/domanovic-2013-0060|title=From yu to me|website=Tanya Leighton|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[.rs]] and [[.me]], the [[ccTLD]] pair which replaced ''.yu'' since 2007.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528164819/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/yu.html IANA .yu whois information]
* [http://www.elitesecurity.org/t20025-Srbija-Crna-Gora-koje-ce-biti-ime-domena-Internet-domen-Srbije-RS-SS-SP-SQ-SW-ili-SX "Srbija i Crna Gora – koje će biti ime domena? Internet domen Srbije: RS, SS, SP, SQ, SW ili SX"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121192849/https://www.elitesecurity.org/t20025-Srbija-Crna-Gora-koje-ce-biti-ime-domena-Internet-domen-Srbije-RS-SS-SP-SQ-SW-ili-SX |date=21 November 2019 }}, Elitesecurity, 5 February 2003. {{in lang|sr}}

{{ccTLD}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yu}}
[[Category:Country code top-level domains]]
[[Category:Communications in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Serbia]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in Serbia]]

[[sv:Toppdomän#Y]]