Editing 0-10-0

{{Short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox steam wheel arrangement
| name             = 0-10-0 (Ten-coupled)
| image            = WheelArrangement 0-10-0.svg
| alt              = Diagram of five large driving wheels joined together by a coupling rod
| caption          = 
| image2           = Railway mechanical engineer (1916) (14574771017).jpg
| alt2             = 
| caption2         = Builder's photo of a [[Prussian G 10]] in 1916
<!--Equivalent classifications-->
| hatnote          = 
| UIC/Germany/Italy= E
| French/Spanish   = 050
| Turkish          = 55
| Swiss            = 5/5
| Russian          = 0-5-0
<!--First known tank engine version-->
| date             = 1868
| country          = United States of America
| locomotive       = [[Reuben Wells (locomotive)|''Reuben Wells'']]
| railway          = [[Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad]]
| designer         = Reuben Wells
| builder          = 
| evolvedfrom      = 
| evolvedto        = 
| mainbenefit      =Total locomotive mass as adhesive weight 
| maindrawback     = Instability at speed
<!--First known tender engine version-->
| date2            = 1899
| country2         = Austria
| locomotive2      = 180.00 class
| railway2         = [[Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways]]
| designer2        = [[Karl Gölsdorf]]
| builder2         = 
| evolvedfrom2     = 
| evolvedto2       = 
| mainbenefit2     = 
| maindrawback2    = Instability at speed
<!--First known "True type" version-->
| date3            = 
| country3         = 
| locomotive3      = 
| railway3         = 
| designer3        = 
| builder3         = 
| evolvedfrom3     = 
| evolvedto3       = 
| mainbenefit3     = 
| maindrawback3    = 
}}

Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''{{nowrap|0-10-0}}''' represents the [[wheel arrangement]] of no [[leading wheel]]s, ten powered and coupled [[driving wheel]]s on five axles and no [[trailing wheel]]s. In the [[United Kingdom]], this type is known as a '''Decapod''', a name which is applied to {{nowrap|[[2-10-0]]}} types in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steamlocomotive.com/misc/wheels.php|title=American Steam Locomotive Wheel Arrangements|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> In the United States, the type is known as '''ten-coupled'''.

==Overview==
The lack of leading and trailing wheels makes this wheel arrangement unstable at speed, and it is a type usually confined to fairly low-speed work, such as [[switcher|switching (shunting)]], transfer runs, slow-speed drag freight, or running over mountainous terrain.<ref name=white>{{cite book|last=White|first=John H. Jr.|title=Early Locomotives|publisher=Dover|location=New York|year=1972|isbn=0-486-22772-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/earlyamericanloc00whit/page/29 29]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyamericanloc00whit/page/29}}</ref><ref name="cmi">{{cite web|url=http://www.childrensmuseum.org/themuseum/allaboard/index.htm|title=All Aboard!|publisher=The Children's Museum of Indianapolis|access-date=23 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100205192558/http://www.childrensmuseum.org/themuseum/allaboard/index.htm| archive-date= 5 February 2010 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>

The Russian E class {{nowrap|0-10-0}} was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==Usage==

===Austria===
[[File:Yugoslav Railways 0-10-0 28.012.jpg|thumb|A Gölsdorf 0-10-0 at work in Slovenia, Bled Jezero station, 1971]]
In 1899, [[Karl Gölsdorf]] introduced his famous 180.00 class for the Austrian State Railway, an 0-10-0 for mountain regions which had a remarkably low axle load. It employed the [[Gölsdorf axle]] system and had the drive, unusually, on the fourth axle. The class existed both as simple expansion and as two-cylinder compound engines, and they later worked in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania and France.

===Canada===
Three 0-10-0 locomotives were owned by the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]].

===China===
Sixteen {{Track gauge|600mm}} narrow gauge 0-10-0 locomotives, built by [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] from 1924 to 1929, remained operational on the [[Yunnan-Kopei Railway]] until 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Broadbelt, H.L. |year=1983 |title=The gauge, the wheel arrangement, the tender |journal=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |issue=August |page=51 |publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]]}}</ref>

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===Finland===
[[File:Vr3kukko.jpg|thumb|right|[[VR Class Vr3]] no. 753, stored at [[Haapamäki]] in Finland]]
The [[VR Class Vr3]] 0-10-0T was numbered in the range from 752 to 756 and nicknamed ''Rooster''. The first locomotive was ordered in 1924 from [[Hanomag]] in Germany. No. 755 is stored at the [[Finnish Railway Museum]].<ref name="srhs">{{cite web |url=http://www.srhs.fi/index4.htm |title=Suomen rautatiehistoriallinen seura ry |publisher=Srhs.fi |access-date=2013-07-16 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629062617/http://www.srhs.fi/index4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Germany===
The 0-10-0 type proved popular in Germany. Several types of freight tender locomotives of this arrangement were built between approximately 1905 and 1915, after which the wheel arrangement was abandoned in favor of the [[2-10-0]]. Subsequent German locomotives of this type were [[tank locomotive]]s, including classes [[DB Class 82|BR82]], [[DRG Class 87|BR87]], [[Palatine T 5|BR94<sup>0</sup>]], BR94<sup>1</sup>, [[Prussian T 16|BR94<sup>2-4</sup>]], [[Prussian T 16.1|BR94<sup>5-17</sup>]], [[Saxon XI HT|BR94<sup>19-21</sup>]] and BR97<sup>5</sup>.

===Indonesia===
[[file:DKA E10 (E 10 60 F).jpg|thumb|left|Decapod locomotive, numbered as E1060 by Japanese occupation. Currently operated by West Sumatra Division of [[Indonesian Railway Company]] in [[Sawahlunto]], West Sumatra.]]
The ''Staatspoorwegen ter Sumatara's Westkust'' (SSS) built a railway line on the west coast of [[Sumatra]] from 1887 until 1896. This railway used to haul products from [[Ombilin]] coal mines to the port of Teluk Bayur in [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]]. Severe terrain with 8% grades required a locomotive with great power. The [[Indonesian Railways Class E10|E10]] was a rack tank steam locomotive employed in [[West Sumatra]], of which 22 were built from 1921 to 1928 by [[Maschinenfabrik Esslingen|Esslingen]] in [[Germany]] and SLM ([[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works|Schweizerische Lokomotiv-und Maschinenfabrik]]) in Switzerland. The E10 has four cylinders, with two cylinders dedicated to drive the rack gears.

The class E10 eventually consisted of 39 locomotives, of which the last seven engines were built in 1967 by [[Nippon Sharyo]], the last steam locomotives to be built by that firm. The class was used in regular service until the mid-1980s.<ref>Kautzor, 2010 Continental Ry. Jrnl. #163</ref>

===Japan===
[[File:Bibai No2 tomei.jpg|thumb|Former JNR class 4110 0-10-0 preserved in Hokkaido, Japan, 2005]]
Four 4100 class 0-10-0T locomotives, numbered from 4100 to 4103 and built by [[Krauss-Maffei]] in Germany, were imported to Japan in 1912. Based on this design, a total of 39 [[JNR Class 4110|4110 Class]] 0-10-0T locomotives, numbered from 4110 to 4148, were built in Japan in 1914 and 1917.<ref name="inoue1999">{{cite book | last = Inoue| first = Kōichi | title = 国鉄機関車辞典 (JNR Locomotive Encyclopedia)| publisher = Sankaido| year = 1999 | location = Japan| page = 18 | isbn = 4-381-10338-6}}</ref>

The last members of the class were withdrawn from service on [[JNR]] in 1950, but some were sold to private freight railways and remained in service as late as 1971. Four of the locomotives were sent to the Korean Peninsula in 1938, but their subsequent fate is unknown.

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===Russia===
[[File:Er 774 38 Moscow.JPG|thumb|left|Er 774 38 0-10-0 on a Steam Special in [[Moscow]], 11 July 2010]]
The 0-10-0 type was the principal standard freight locomotive in Russia and was manufactured in very large numbers. The E class (Cyrillic Э, not to be confused with [[Russian locomotive class Ye|Е]]-class), freight locomotive was made up of several sub-classes, all developed from the same original basic machine. The sub-classes included E, Em, {{not a typo|Eg}}, Esh, Eu, and Er.

[[File:Cutaway loco Er-791-81 Russian Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|Cutaway Russian locomotive class Er 791–81 at the [[Russian Railway Museum]] [[St.Petersburg]]]]
A number of both the Em and {{not a typo|Eg}} class received condensing tenders for working in areas where water supplies were scarce. These were designated Emk and Egk class respectively. However, these locomotives were experimental and the condensing tender was mainly used on the 2-10-0 SO19-series locomotive.

The E class was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured in Russia and other countries such as Czechoslovakia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary and Poland. This class even far outnumbered the German [[DRB Class 52]] 2-10-0 [[Kriegslok]]. The class was eventually superseded by the SO class {{nowrap|[[2-10-0]]}} which can be considered a further development of the E class, the L class {{nowrap|[[2-10-0]]}} and the FD class {{nowrap|[[2-10-2]]}}. Despite being superseded, it was not replaced, and the class was widely used until the end of steam in Russia.

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===South West Africa===
[[File:DSWA 0-10-0.jpg|thumb|[[South West African 0-10-0|DSWA 0-10-0]] no. 103, {{Circa|1911}}]]
In 1911, the ''Lüderitzbucht Eisenbahn'' ([[Lüderitz Bay|Lüderitzbucht]] Railway) in [[German South West Africa]] ({{langx|de|Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika}}) placed six [[South West African 0-10-0|{{nowrap|0-10-0}} Decapod locomotives]] in service, built in 1910 by [[Henschel & Son]] for a [[French Africa|French colony in Africa]]. The engines were rejected by French inspectors, however, and they were purchased by the German government for £2,000 each in 1911, on behalf of the ''Lüderitzbucht-Gesellschaft'' company who leased the ''Lüderitzbucht Eisenbahn'' and shared the profits with the government.<ref name="SAR&H Jan 1948">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1948). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued).'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1948. pp. 31–32.</ref><ref name="Dulez 150">{{Dulez 150|page=380}}</ref><ref name="Henschel">Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow.</ref>

To protect the motion from wind-blown sand in the [[Namib Desert]], it had plate shields arranged along the full length of the engine, hinged on the running board to allow access to the motion. The locomotives were placed in service on the ''Südbahn'' line from [[Lüderitz Bay|Lüderitzbucht]] via [[Seeheim]] to [[Karasburg|Kalkfontein]], where they formed the mainstay of motive power. None of these engines survived the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref name="SAR&H Jan 1948"/><ref name="Dulez 150"/>

===Taiwan===
A steam locomotive of this form served the sole purpose of pushing passengers up to the highest altitude station, 勝興 (Shengxing), in Taiwan.

===Thailand===
Two Hanomag 0-10-0 steam Locomotives, numbers 401 and 402, were imported from Germany in 1913 for service in Siam and were used on [[standard gauge]]. In 1924 they were regauged to [[metre gauge]].

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===United Kingdom===
[[File:Lickey Banker (Wonder Book of Engineering Wonders, 1931).jpg|thumb|[[MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker|The Lickey Banker]]]]
Only two 0-10-0 locomotives saw service on British railways. One was a suburban [[tank locomotive]] prototype, built by [[James Holden (engineer)|James Holden]] for the [[Great Eastern Railway]] in 1902 and called [[GER Class A55|the Decapod]]. The other was a [[Tender (rail)|tender locomotive]], [[MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker|No. 2290]], built by the [[Midland Railway]] in 1919, specifically for use as a [[bank engine|banker]] for the [[Lickey Incline]].

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===United States===
[[File:American engineer and railroad journal (1893) (14737666936).jpg|thumb|left|0-10-0 pusher locomotive of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, {{Circa|1893}}]]
The 0-10-0 was not very popular in the United States and North America in general and probably fewer than seventy of this type were constructed. For switching work, large {{nowrap|[[0-8-0]]}} locomotives were preferred, and when more than four driven axles were required, the preference was for [[articulated locomotive]]s such as [[0-6-6-0]] and [[0-8-8-0]] Mallet engines. On mainlines, a {{nowrap|[[2-10-0]]}} with the added stability of its leading truck, or a [[2-10-2]] or [[2-10-4]] with room for larger fireboxes, were preferred.

The first 0-10-0 in the United States was built to provide service on Madison Hill which, at 5.89%, has the steepest standard gauge grade in the country. It was a tank locomotive, designed in 1868 by Reuben Wells for the [[Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad]] and named for its designer. The ''[[Reuben Wells (locomotive)|Reuben Wells]]'' is on display at [[the Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]. It is {{convert|35|ft|mm|0|abbr=on}} long and weighs 55 tons.<ref name=white/><ref name=cmi/>

[[File:Lake Shore & Michigan Southern 0-10-0 Decapod locomotive 4598 (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907).jpg|thumb|[[Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway]] 0-10-0 of 1907]]
Later 0-10-0 versions were delivered in 1891 to the [[St. Clair Tunnel|St. Clair Tunnel Company]] to haul trains between [[Sarnia]], [[Ontario]] and [[Port Huron, Michigan]]. The next were a series of 21 locomotives for [[New York Central Railroad]] and its subsidiaries for hump yard work. Others included seven owned by [[Illinois Central Railroad]], fifteen by [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]], two by [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], and four, the heaviest built, for [[Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway]].

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==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:0-10-0 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:E locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation|10,0-10-0]]