Editing 0-4-0

{{short description|Locomotive wheel arrangement}}
{{Infobox steam wheel arrangement
| name             = 0-4-0
| image            = WheelArrangement 0-4-0.svg
| alt              = Diagram of two wheels, coupled together with a coupling rod
| caption          = 
| image2           = Trevithick's Coalbrookdale locomotive, 1803 (British Railway Locomotives 1803-1853).jpg
| alt2             = 
| caption2         = [[Richard Trevithick]]'s ''Coalbrookedale''
<!--Equivalent classifications-->
| hatnote          = 
| UIC/Germany/Italy= B
| French/Spanish   = 020
| Turkish          = 22
| Swiss            = 2/2
| Russian          = 0-2-0
<!--First tank engine version-->
| date             = c. 1850
| country          = United Kingdom
| locomotive       = 
| railway          = [[Caledonian Railway]]
| designer         = [[Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer)|Robert Sinclair]]
| builder          = 
| evolvedfrom      = 
| evolvedto        = 
| mainbenefit      = Total engine mass as adhesive weight
| maindrawback     = Instability at speed
<!--First tender engine version-->
| date2            = c. 1802
| country2         = United Kingdom
| locomotive2      = ''Coalbrookedale''
| railway2         = 
| designer2        = [[Richard Trevithick]]
| builder2         = Richard Trevithick
| evolvedfrom2     = 
| evolvedto2       = 
| mainbenefit2     = 
| maindrawback2    = 
<!--First "True type" version-->
| date3            = 
| country3         = 
| locomotive3      = 
| railway3         = 
| designer3        = 
| builder3         = 
| evolvedfrom3     = 
| evolvedto3       = 
| mainbenefit3     = 
| maindrawback3    = 
}}

Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''{{nowrap|0-4-0}}''' represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven. The wheels on the earliest four-coupled locomotives were connected by a single [[gear wheel]], but from 1825 the wheels were usually connected with [[coupling rod]]s to form a single driven set.

The notation '''0-4-0T''' indicates a [[tank locomotive]] of this wheel arrangement on which its water and fuel is carried on board the engine itself, rather than in an attached [[tender (rail)|tender]].

In Britain, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod-coupled driving wheels.<ref>[[Whyte notation#Internal combustion locomotives|Whyte notation]]</ref>

Under the [[UIC classification]] used in Europe and, in more recent years, in simplified form in the United States, a 0-4-0 is classified as '''B''' (German and Italian) if the axles are connected by side rods or gearing and 020 (French), independent of axle motoring. The UIC's '''Bo''' classification for electric and diesel-electric locomotives indicates that the axles are independently motored, which would be {{nowrap|0-2-2-0}} under the Whyte notation.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Overview==
0-4-0 locomotives were built as [[tank locomotive]]s as well as [[Tender (rail)|tender locomotives]]. The former were more common in Europe and the latter in the United States, except in the tightest of situations such as that of a shop [[switcher locomotive]], where overall length was a concern. The earliest 0-4-0 locomotives were tender engines and appeared as early as c. 1802. The 0-4-0 [[tank engine]]s were introduced in the early 1850s. The type was found to be so useful in many locations that they continued to be built for more than a century and existed until the end of the steam era.

[[File:Locomotion No. 1..jpg|thumb|[[Locomotion No. 1]]]]
[[Richard Trevithick]]'s ''Coalbrookedale'' (1802), ''Pen-y-Darren'' (1804) and ''Newcastle'' (1805) locomotives were of the 0-4-0 type, although in their cases the wheels were connected by a single gear wheel. The first 0-4-0 to use coupling rods was [[Locomotion No. 1]], built by [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] for the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]] in 1825. Stephenson also built the [[Lancashire Witch]] in 1828, and [[Timothy Hackworth]] built [[Sans Pareil]] which ran at the [[Rainhill Trials]] in 1829. The latter two locomotives later worked on the [[Bolton and Leigh Railway]].

A four-wheeled configuration, where all the wheels are [[driving wheel]]s, uses all the locomotive's mass for traction but is inherently unstable at speed. The type was therefore mainly used for [[switcher locomotive]]s (also known as shunter locomotives in the United Kingdom). Because of the lack of stability, [[tender (rail)|tender engines]] of this type were only built for a few decades in the United Kingdom. They were built for a longer period in the United States.

The possible [[tractive effort]] of an 0-4-0 within normal axle load limits was not enough to move large loads. By 1900, they had therefore largely been superseded for most purposes by locomotives with more complex wheel arrangements. They nevertheless continued to be used in situations where tighter radius curves existed or the shorter length was an advantage. Thus, they were commonly employed in [[dockyard]] work, [[Tramway (industrial)|industrial tramways]], or as shop switchers.

The wheel arrangement was also used on specialised types such as [[fireless locomotive]]s, [[crane tank locomotive]]s, [[tram engine]]s and [[geared steam locomotive]]s. It was also widely used on [[narrow gauge]] railways.

==Usage==

===Australia===
In New South Wales, [[Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum]] has preserved twelve 0-4-0 steam locomotives and eight 0-4-0 diesel locomotives, a total of twenty examples, all on the one site.

===Austria===
[[Image:Achenseebahn 2, Jenbach, 2014 (08).JPG|thumb|Achenseebahn 2]]
In Tyrol, [[Achensee Railway]] operates three 0-4-0 geared steam cog locomotives on their 1 meter narrow gauge tourist railway and has one on display. The locomotives were originally built by Wiener Lokomotivfabrik, but one has been rebuilt from scavenged parts.

===Angola===
[[File:Angolan Ruhrthaler 963 0-4-0DM.jpg|thumb|Catumbela Sugar's diesel shunter No. 963, Angola]]
The [[Catumbela]] Sugar Estate in [[Angola]] operated a narrow gauge line on the estate. One of their {{nowrap|0-4-0}} locomotives, Rührthaler Maschinen-Fabrik 963 of 1929, was later rebuilt with a diesel engine.<ref>"100 Jahre Rührthaler Maschinenfabrik", a CD by Jens Merte & Martin Schiffmann (Lokrundschau Verlag GmbH, 2001, {{ISBN|3-931647-12-9}})</ref>

===Finland===
[[Image:Borsig-Leena.jpg|thumb|left|Finnish Class Vk4 locomotive No. 68]]
Finland had the E1 and [[VR Class Vk4|Vk4]] classes with an 0-4-0 wheel arrangement.

The E1 was a class of only two locomotives, numbered 76 and 77.

The Vk4 was also a class of only two locomotives, built by [[Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG)]] of Germany in 1910. The Vk4s were used at a fortress, and were eventually also used in dismantling the fortress, after which one locomotive went into industrial use and was scrapped in 1951. The other was sold to the [[Finnish Railways]] and nicknamed ''Leena''. It became No. 68 and is now the oldest working broad gauge locomotive in Finland, being preserved at the [[Finnish Railway Museum]].

===Indonesia===
The ''Samarang-Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij''  or SCS imported 27 [[cape gauge]] 0-4-0T SCS Class 100 locomotives between 1908 and 1911, originally to operate services from Kalibrodi-[[Semarang Poncol railway station|Samarang]] to [[Tanggung]] and Yogyakarta. They were built by [[Sächsische Maschinenfabrik]] in [[Chemnitz]], Germany. They were a modern locomotive design for the time, equipped with a [[superheater]].

The largest allocation of SCS 100s were in [[Tegal (city)|Tegal, Central Java]] for services to [[Purwokerto]]. Some were later converted to tram engines and worked in Tegal and [[Purwokerto]].

After [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]] and Indonesian Independence, these locomotives were renumbered to B52 class. All 27 locomotives were in existence at the end of 1960, but by 1970 only 15 units remained. Two locomotives have been preserved, B5212 at the Transportation Museum of [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] and B5210 at the [[Ambarawa]] Railway Museum.

===New Zealand===
The [[NZR A class (1873)|NZR A class of 1873]] consisted of three engine types of similar specification but differing detail. They were British and New Zealand-built and several were preserved.

===Philippines===
{{Main|Manila Railway Manila class}}
The only examples of this type in the Philippines were the five ''Manila'' class light-duty tank locomotives built by [[Hunslet Engine Company]] for the Manila Railway. They were ordered in 1885 for the [[Tranvía]] system until they were used on the ''[[PNR North Main Line|Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan]]'' in the 1890s.<ref name="ih">{{Cite thesis |last=Corpuz |first=Arturo |title=Railroads and regional development in the Philippines: Views from the colonial iron horse, 1875–1935 |date=May 1989 |publisher=Cornell University |url={{GBurl|id = gOFOPAAACAA|pg = PR1}} |access-date=25 October 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After being retired from the Manila Railroad in 1927, ''Manila'' was sold to the newly-formed [[Hacienda Luisita|Central Azucarrera de Tarlac]], where it was made into a tank-tender locomotive until the 1980s. The locomotive was scrapped by {{circa}} 1991.{{cite needed|date=March 2023}}

===South Africa===

====Brunel gauge====
[[File:HB East London 0-4-0.jpg|thumb|[[East London Harbour 0-4-0VB|East London Harbour's 0-4-0VB]] construction locomotive]]
In 1847, the government of the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] established harbour boards at its three major ports, [[Table Bay]], [[Port Elizabeth]] and [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]. While railway lines were laid at all these harbours, trains were for the most part initially hauled by oxen or mules. The first steam locomotives to see service at these harbours were {{RailGauge|7ft0.25in|lk=on}} Brunel gauge engines which were placed in service on breakwater construction at Table Bay Harbour in 1862 and East London Harbour in 1874.<ref name="Holland 2">{{Holland-Vol 2|pages=115–129}}</ref><ref name="Middleton"/>
* At Table Bay Harbour a third Brunel gauge [[Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T#The 0-4-0T locomotive of 1874|0-4-0T locomotive]] was acquired from [[Fletcher, Jennings & Co.]] in 1874 to haul tip-wagons from the Victoria Basin excavation site to the breakwater which was being constructed simultaneously.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Middleton">[[:Talk:Harbour Board TB 0-4-0T#Table Bay Harbour construction locomotives|Table Bay Harbour construction locomotives]]</ref>
* The East London Harbour's construction locomotives were [[East London Harbour 0-4-0VB|0-4-0 vertical boiler]] engines, similar in appearance to the American [[Grasshopper locomotive|Grasshopper type]].<ref name="Holland 1">{{Holland-Vol 1|pages=11–15, 18–21, 23, 109–112}}</ref> Four of them were acquired from [[Chaplin's Patent Distilling Apparatus with Steam Pump#Manufacturer|Alexander Chaplin & Co.]] between 1873 and 1880, although the first one was only placed in service in 1874.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Grasshopper">[[:Talk:Harbour Board EL 0-4-0#Vertical boiler loco info from John Middleton|John Middleton on vertical boiler locomotives in South Africa]]</ref>
* A fourth locomotive was added at Table Bay Harbour in 1879, a [[Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT|0-4-0 well-tank engine]], also built by Fletcher, Jennings.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Middleton"/>
* Three [[Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST|0-4-0 saddle-tank locomotives]] entered breakwater construction service in Table Bay Harbour, two in 1881 and one more in 1893, built by [[Black, Hawthorn & Co]].<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=6, 20–26, 98–100, 110–111, 114, 157}}</ref><ref name="SAR Renumber">Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 2, 17. (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)</ref>

====Standard gauge====
[[File:0-4-2 Hawthorne Leslie Blackie.jpg|thumb|Blackie, the first locomotive in South Africa, later rebuilt to 0-4-2T]]
In September 1859 Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington railway line, imported a small {{track gauge|4ft8.5in}} broad gauge 0-4-0 side-tank steam locomotive from England for use during the construction of the railway. This was the first locomotive in South Africa. In 1874 the locomotive was rebuilt to a 0-4-2T configuration before it was shipped to [[Port Alfred]], where it served as construction locomotive on the banks of the Kowie river and was [[Cape Town Railway & Dock 0-4-0T|nicknamed ''Blackie'']]. It has been declared a [[Heritage objects (South Africa)|heritage object]] and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Littley">''Blackie'', Article by D. Littley, SA Rail September–October 1989, Published by RSSA, p. 133.</ref>

[[File:NRC Natal a.jpg|thumb|left|''Natal'' plinthed at [[Durban]] station]]
The first railway locomotive to run in revenue earning service in South Africa was a small broad gauge 0-4-0WT well tank engine [[Natal Railway 0-4-0WT Natal|named ''Natal'']], manufactured by Carrett, Marshall and Company of Leeds. It made its inaugural run from Market Square to Point station in Durban during the official opening of the first operating railway in South Africa on Tuesday, 26 June 1860.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR History">The South African Railways - Historical Survey (Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd, Circa 1978, pp. 6–8.)</ref><ref>[http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/40/Natalia%2040%202010%20Railway%20150%20pp%2020-31.pdf Natal Society Foundation 2010 - Natalia 40 (2010) p20–31 - The first public railway in South Africa: The Point to Durban railway of 1860]</ref><ref>[http://www.steamindex.com/manlocos/manulist.htm#begca Carrett Marshall & Co., Sun Foundry, Dewsbury Road, Leeds]</ref><ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/wiki/Carrett,_Marshall_and_Co Grace's Guide – The Best of British Engineering 1750-1960s]</ref>

In 1865, the [[Natal Railway Company]] obtained a saddle-tank locomotive with a {{nowrap|0-4-0}} wheel arrangement from [[Kitson and Company]]. This was the Natal Railway's second locomotive and was [[Natal Railway 0-4-0ST Durban|named ''Durban'']].<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Bruno Martin">''It's a Puzzlement'', Article by Bruno Martin, SA Rail December 1990, pp. 214–215.</ref>

In 1878, while construction work by the Kowie Harbour Improvement Company was underway at Port Alfred, the [[Cape Government Railways]] acquired one broad gauge {{nowrap|0-4-0ST}} (Saddle Tank) locomotive [[CGR 0-4-0ST 1878 Aid|named ''Aid'']] from [[Peckett and Sons|Fox, Walker and Company]] of Bristol for use as construction locomotive on the east bank of the Kowie river.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

====Cape gauge====
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of 0-4-0 [[tank engine|tank- and saddle-tank]] locomotives were imported into South Africa, many of them for use in harbours. Many of these locomotives came into [[South African Railways]] (SAR) stock in 1912, but were never classified.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

[[File:CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 no. M2 Little Bess.jpg|thumb|No. M2 ''Little Bess'' of 1873]]
* In 1873 and 1874, three [[Cape gauge]] [[CGR 0-4-0ST 1873|saddle-tank locomotives]], built by [[Manning Wardle]], were placed in service by the [[Cape Government Railways]], two on the Midland System in 1873 and the third on the Western System in 1874. They were the first Cape gauge locomotives to enter service in South Africa.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Littley 2">''C.G.R. Numbering Revised'', Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94–95.</ref>
* In 1874, a [[CGR 0-4-0ST 1874|third saddle-tank locomotive]], also built by Manning Wardle, was delivered to the Midland System of the CGR in [[Port Elizabeth]]. The locomotive was of a smaller design than the earlier locomotives of 1873.<ref name="Littley 2"/><ref name="Uloliwe 4-1">''Railway History of South Africa no. 2 - Early Locomotives of the Cape Government Railway'', Article by Leith Paxton, The Uloliwe, Vol 4 no 1, January 2013, pp. 62–63.</ref>
* Between 1875 and 1882, [[CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875|six saddle-tank locomotives with domeless boilers]] and [[CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876|three with domes]] were placed in service on all three systems of the CGR. They were all designated First Class when a classification system was adopted.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR Renumber"/><ref name="Littley 2"/>
* In 1881, two Cape gauge saddle tank locomotives with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement were placed in service by Teague and Company, who operated Teague's Tramway at the Kimberley diamond mine. In 1885 one was sold to the mine and the other to the CGR for use during the construction of a temporary rail bridge across the Orange River at Norvalspont. In the process the CGR locomotive, [[CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot|nicknamed ''Coffee Pot'']], became the first locomotive to run across the border between the Cape Colony and the Orange Free State.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Coffee Pot">[[:Talk:CGR 0-4-0ST Coffee Pot#Additional information supplied by John Middleton|John Middleton on the Coffee Pot]]</ref>
* [[CGR 0-4-0ST 1881|Thirteen saddle-tank locomotives]] were acquired by the Table Bay Harbour Board from [[Black, Hawthorn & Co|Black, Hawthorn and Company]], [[Black, Hawthorn & Co#Chapman and Furneaux|Chapman and Furneaux]] and [[Hawthorn Leslie and Company]] between 1881 and 1904. Eleven survived to come into SAR stock in 1912, but were not included in the renumbering schedules or classified.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR Renumber"/>

[[File:NZASM 14 Tonner 1 0-4-0T a.JPG|thumb|NZASM 14 Tonner 0-4-0T]]
* In 1889 the [[Netherlands-South African Railway Company|''Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorwegmaatschappij'']] (NZASM) obtained its first six locomotives for use on the new line which was being constructed from [[Johannesburg]] to [[Boksburg]], one [[NZASM 13 Tonner 0-4-0T|13 Tonner]] and five very similar [[NZASM 14 Tonner 0-4-0T|14 Tonners]].<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Oct 1944">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV - The N.Z.A.S.M.''. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1944. pp. 761–764.</ref>
* In 1889 and 1890 the NZASM obtained three [[NZASM 10 Tonner 0-4-0T|10 Tonner]] tramway locomotives for use on the new line from Johannesburg to Boksburg which became known as the Randtram line.<ref name="Holland 1"/>
* In 1891 five saddle-tank locomotives were imported, built by [[Neilson and Company]] for the [[Natal Government Railways]] (NGR). One was later sold to the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR), where it was named ''Natal'', while two more went to the Durban Harbour. The remaining two were later included in the NGR's [[NGR Class K 0-4-0ST|Class K]]. In 1912, four of these locomotives survived, including the ex-PPR locomotive, to be taken onto the SAR roster as obsolete unclassified locomotives.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR Renumber"/>
* Between 1894 and 1902 [[Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST|eight saddle-tank locomotives]] were acquired by the Port Elizabeth Harbour Board for shunting service at the Port Elizabeth Harbour, four built by [[Black, Hawthorn & Co|Black, Hawthorn]] in 1894 and 1895, two by [[Black, Hawthorn & Co#Chapman and Furneaux|Chapman and Furneaux]] in 1900 and two by [[Hudswell Clarke|Hudswell, Clarke]] in 1902.<ref name="Holland 2"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

[[File:HB Natal 0-4-0ST Congella (1902).jpg|thumb|Durban Harbour's ''Congella'']]
* In 1902 the Harbours Department of the Natal Government placed a single {{nowrap|0-4-0}} saddle-tank locomotive in service as harbour shunter in Durban Harbour. It was built by Hudswell, Clarke and [[Durban Harbour's Congella|named Congella]].<ref name="Holland 2"/>
* In 1903, [[Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST#Locomotives no. 1012 to 1014|a single 0-4-0ST locomotive]], built by [[Fletcher, Jennings & Co.#Overview|New Lowca Engineering]], was delivered to the Port Elizabeth Harbour Board.<ref name="Holland 2"/>
* After the Harbour Boards were disbanded, some locomotives entered SAR harbour service as previously owned. Two locomotives [[South African Dock Shunter 0-4-0ST|named ''Stormberg'' and ''Thebus'']] were originally built by [[Hudswell Clarke]] for the South African Public Works Department in 1903. They were acquired by the SAR in 1916, but were named instead of being classified and numbered.<ref name="Holland 2"/>
* The CGR acquired a [[CGR Railmotor|single self-contained Railmotor]] with a 0-4-0T+4 wheel arrangement for low-volume passenger service. The railmotor was a 0-4-0 side-tank locomotive with a passenger coach as an integral part of the locomotive itself, with a four-wheeled bogie under the coach end.<ref name="Metropolitan 12640">Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage and Wagon Company Ltd drawing no. 12640</ref>

[[File:SAR Railmotor no. RM11 (Clayton) b.JPG|thumb|Clayton railmotor]]
* In 1907, the Central South African Railways also acquired a [[CSAR Railmotor|single self-contained Railmotor]] with a 0-4-0T+4 wheel arrangement.<ref name="CSAR Annuals">''CSAR General Manager's Reports'', Extracts from the CSAR General Manager's Reports for 1906, 1907, 1908 & 1909.</ref>
* In 1929, the South African Railways acquired a single self-contained [[South African Clayton Railmotor|Clayton railmotor]] with a 0-4-0+4 wheel arrangement for low-volume passenger service. The vehicle was a vertical boilered steam locomotive with a passenger coach which was an integral part of the locomotive itself.<ref name="Clayton">''Clayton Steam Rail Coach - From the Dave Rhind Collection'', Railway History Group of South Africa, Pinelands, Cape Town.</ref>
* In 1941, long after the Harbour Boards had ceased to exist, a contractor's locomotive which had been imported {{Circa|1939}} for use on the Foreshore land reclamation project in Cape Town was bought by the SAR for use as dock shunter in Table Bay Harbour. It had been built in 1909 by [[Orenstein & Koppel]] and on the SAR it was [[South African Dock Shunter 0-4-0T|numbered SAR-H&NW no. 69]].<ref name="Holland 2" /><ref name="RHG 114 Jan 2013">[http://www.2fpt.com/css/SA%20Steam%20News/2013/Railway%20History%20Group/2013.01.30%20RH%20G%20Bulletin%20No%20114.pdf Railway History Group of Southern Africa, Bulletin no. 114, January 2013: Notes on Cape Town Harbour Extension Contracts, by John Middleton]</ref>

====Narrow gauges====
[[File:Cape Copper NG T198 0-4-0.jpg|thumb|Cape Copper Company Condenser no. T198 ''John Taylor'']]
Between 1886 and 1888, [[Namaqualand 0-4-0WT Condenser|three well-tank condensing locomotives]] were placed in service by the Cape Copper Mining Company on its {{RailGauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} [[Namaqualand Railway]] between [[Port Nolloth]] and [[O'okiep]] in the Cape Colony. They were the first condensing steam locomotives to enter service in South Africa. They were later rebuilt as conventional well-tank locomotives.<ref name="Bagshawe">{{Bagshawe|pages=8–15}}</ref>

In 1899, Rand Mines acquired two narrow gauge tank steam locomotives from Avonside Engine Company and in 1900 a similar locomotive was delivered to Reynolds Brothers Sugar Estates in Natal. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional narrow gauge locomotives in German South West Africa during the [[World War I|First World War]], [[South African NG 0-4-0T|these three locomotives]] were purchased second-hand by the South African Railways.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Dulez 150">{{Dulez 150|pages=231–233}}</ref>

[[File:SAR Class NG1 40 (0-4-0T).jpg|thumb|left|SAR Class NG1 number 40]]
In 1900 the British War Office placed two Sirdar class 0-4-0T tank steam locomotives in service on a {{RailGauge|2ft}} narrow gauge line near Germiston in the ''Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek'', where the Royal Engineers had established a siege park during the [[Second Boer War]]. The locomotives were built by [[Kerr, Stuart and Company]]. At the end of the war, the two Sirdar locomotives were sold to a farmer, who used them on a firewood line between [[Two-foot-gauge railways in South Africa#Pienaarsrivier–Pankop|Pienaarsrivier and Pankop]], until the line and locomotives were taken over by the [[Central South African Railways]] (CSAR). In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the SAR, they were renumbered with an "NG" prefix to their numbers. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced by the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were designated {{nowrap|[[South African Class NG1 0-4-0T|Class NG1]]}}.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Kerr Stuart">Kerr, Stuart and Company works list</ref>

In 1902, the CGR placed a single narrow gauge tank steam locomotive in service on the Avontuur branch, built by [[Manning Wardle]], classified [[CGR Type C 0-4-0T|Type C and named ''Midget'']]. In 1912, this locomotive was assimilated into the South African Railways and renumbered. It was sold to the West Rand Consolidated Mines near Krugersdorp in 1921.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Dulez 150"/>

A single [[CGR NG 0-4-0T|small five-ton locomotive]], built by [[Krauss-Maffei#Overview|Krauss & Company]], was purchased by the CGR c. 1903 and placed in service as construction engine on the narrow gauge [[Avontuur]] branch out of [[Port Elizabeth]].<ref name="Dulez 150"/><ref name="SAR&H Apr 1944">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways'' (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, April 1944. pp. 254–255.</ref>

{{-}}

===United Kingdom===
====Tank locomotives====
[[File:Aveling & Porter engine at Chatham.JPG|thumb|left|Aveling & Porter Loco, [[Chatham Dockyard]]]]The tank engine versions of the wheel arrangement began to appear in the United Kingdom in the early 1850s, with the first significant class being six saddle tanks designed by [[Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer)|Robert Sinclair]] for the [[Caledonian Railway]].

[[File:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 0-4-0ST locomotive WREN.jpg|thumb|[[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]] {{nowrap|0-4-0ST}} locomotive WREN]]
By 1860 the type was very popular and it continued to be built in significant numbers for both [[Main line (railway)|mainline]] and [[industrial railway]]s, almost to the end of steam traction. [[Hudswell Clarke]] were supplying [[Tank locomotive#Saddle tank|industrial saddle tanks]] until at least 1947,<ref>The Industrial Locomotive Society, Steam locomotives in industry, David and Charles, 1967, p.30.</ref> and both [[Andrew Barclay Sons & Co.|Barclay]] and [[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]] until 1949.<ref>H.C. Casserley, Preserved locomotives, 5th edition, Ian Allan, 1980, {{ISBN|0-7110-0991-0}}. p.161.</ref>

An interesting variation on this theme were the [[traction engine]]-based railway locomotives built by [[Aveling and Porter]].

The last [[British Railways]] [[LMS Kitson 0-4-0ST|0-4-0ST dock shunters]] were built by [[Horwich Works]] as late as 1955 and survived until 1966.

====Tender locomotives====
[[File:Furness Railway No 20.jpg|thumb|Furness Railway Locomotive No. 20, 1863]]
During the 1840s, the wheel arrangement was widely used by [[Edward Bury]] on the [[Bury Bar Frame locomotive|bar-framed locomotives]] built for the [[London and Birmingham Railway]]. However, with the exception of a few isolated examples used by the smaller companies such as the [[Cambrian Railways]], the [[Locomotives of the Furness Railway|Furness Railway]] and the [[Taff Vale Railway]], and four examples built by [[Edward Fletcher (engineer)]] of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]] between 1854 and 1868, the 0-4-0 tender locomotive had been largely superseded on Britain's mainline railways by 1850.<ref>Bertram Baxter, British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923, Vol.1, Moorland Publishing Company, 1977. {{ISBN|0-903485-50-8}}.</ref>

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===United States===

====Tank locomotives====
[[File:B&O 0-4-0 Atlantic (1832).jpg|thumb|[[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] 0-4-0VB ''Atlantic'' no. 2 1832, the [[Grasshopper locomotive|''Grasshopper'']] at the [[B&O Railroad Museum]]]]
An early example of the 0-4-0 vertical boiler type was the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]'s ''[[Atlantic (locomotive)|Atlantic]]'' No. 2, built in 1832 by [[Phineas Davis]] and Israel Gartner. In the United States, the 0-4-0 tank locomotive was principally used for [[industrial railway]] purposes.

====Tender locomotives====
[[Image:Vulcan Iron Works India 0-4-0.jpg|thumb|left|0-4-0 United States-built tender locomotive]]
In the United States, the ''[[Best Friend of Charleston]]'' was the first locomotive to be built entirely within the United States. It was built in 1830 for the [[South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company]] by the [[West Point Foundry]] of New York.

The ''[[John Bull (locomotive)|John Bull]]'' was built by [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] for the [[Camden and Amboy Railroad]] in New Jersey in 1831, but was later rebuilt as a [[2-4-0]].

The [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] kept producing {{nowrap|0-4-0}} classes long after all other major railroads had abandoned development of the type, building their final ''[[PRR A5s|A5s]]'' class into the 1920s. The ''A5s'' was a monster among {{nowrap|0-4-0s}}, larger than many {{nowrap|[[0-6-0]]}} designs, with modern features found on few others of its type, such as [[superheater|superheating]], [[power reverse]], and [[Piston valve (steam engine)|piston valves]]. The [[Pennsy]] continued to build the type because it had a large amount of confined and tight industrial track, more than most other railroads had.

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==0-4-0 diesel locomotives==
[[File:Dunster Barclay 579-1972.jpg|thumb|right|[[Andrew Barclay Sons & Co.|Andrew Barclay]] 0-4-0 diesel number 579 of 1972]]
The wheel arrangement was also used on a number of small 0-4-0DM [[Diesel locomotive#Diesel-mechanical|diesel-mechanical]] [[Switcher|shunters]] produced by [[John Fowler & Co.]] and other builders in the 1930s and earlier. Similarly, it was perpetuated on a number of diesel-mechanical and {{nowrap|0-4-0DH}} [[Diesel locomotive#Diesel-hydraulic|diesel-hydraulic]] classes between 1953 and 1960 (see the [[List of British Rail modern traction locomotive classes]]). Many of these were later sold for industrial use.

There are 0-4-0DE [[diesel locomotive|diesel-electric locomotives]] too, although small in number. The smallest diesel [[switcher]]s, such as the [[EMD Model 40]], were of this arrangement.

0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters are also Polish [[PKP class SM02]] and [[PKP class SM03]] and narrow gauge [[WLs40/50]].

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{clear right}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:0-4-0 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:B locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Whyte notation|4,0-4-0]]