Editing 1185

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1185}}
{{Year nav|1185}}
{{C12 year in topic}} 
[[File:Battle-of-Akama-Strait-at-Dan-no-Ura-in-Choshu-1185.png|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Battle of Dan-no-ura|Battle of Dan-no-Ura]] in [[Honshu]] (1185).]]
Year '''1185''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCLXXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[August]] &ndash; King [[William II of Sicily]] ("the Good") lands in [[Epirus]] with a Siculo-Norman expeditionary force of 200 ships and 80,000 men (including 5,000 knights) and marches as far as the Byzantine city of [[Thessaloniki]], which he [[Sack of Thessalonica (1185)|takes and pillages]], massacring some 7,000 Greek citizens.<ref name="norman adversaries">{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOic9EEo3PIC&q=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italy |author2=Bernard S. Bachrach|page=100}}</ref>
* [[September 11]]–[[September 12|12]] &ndash; [[Isaac II Angelos]] leads a revolt in [[Constantinople]] and deposes Emperor [[Andronikos I Komnenos]]. Andronikos tries in vain to flee across [[Asia]] but is captured and killed by an angry mob. Isaac is proclaimed emperor, ending the [[Komnenos|Komnenos Dynasty]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 349–350. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Battle of Demetritzes]]: A reinforced Byzantine army under [[Alexios Branas]] decisively defeats William II, ending his invasion of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Thessaloniki is recaptured, and the [[Normans]] are pushed back to [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. Many Norman ships are lost to storms.
* [[Uprising of Asen and Peter]]: [[Peter II of Bulgaria|Peter]] and [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria|Ivan Asen]] lead a revolt of the [[Vlachs]] and [[Bulgarians|Bulgars]] against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]].

==== Levant ====
* [[March 16]]  &ndash; The 23-year-old [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]] ("the Leper King") dies of [[leprosy]] after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old nephew, [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]], as the sole ruler of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] under the regency of Count [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli|Raymond of Tripoli]]. The child-king becomes a pawn in the politics of the kingdom, between his mother [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla of Jerusalem]] (sister of Baldwin IV) and her younger half-sister [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 362. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref> 
* [[Saladin]] agrees to a 4-year truce due to severe drought and [[famine]] which has struck [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The treaty is signed by Count [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli|Raymond of Tripoli]] and important nobles from Jerusalem. Commerce is renewed between the [[Crusader states|Crusader States]] and their Muslim neighbors. A flow of corn from the east saves the Crusaders and the population from starvation.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 362–363. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>

==== British Isles ====
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[John's first expedition to Ireland]]: King [[Henry II of England]] knights his son and heir, the 18-year-old [[John, King of England|Prince John]], newly created Lord of Ireland, and sends him to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators to enforce English control. Landing at Waterford, he treats the local Irish rulers with contempt, making fun of their unfashionable long beards. Also failing to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, the English army is unable to subdue the Irish fighters in unfamiliar conditions and the expedition soon becomes a complete disaster. In December, John returns to [[Kingdom of England|England]] in defeat. Nonetheless, Henry gets him named 'King of Ireland' by [[Pope Urban III]] and procures a golden crown with peacock feathers.<ref>{{cite book|title=King John|first=W. Lewis|last=Warren|publisher=University of California Press|year=1961|page=35}}</ref>
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[1185 East Midlands earthquake]] occurs. It is the first [[earthquake]] in England for which there are reliable reports indicating the damage, which includes destruction of [[Lincoln Cathedral]].<ref name=Musson1994>{{cite web |url=http://www.emidius.eu/AHEAD/main/info/?en=10950 |title= Earthquake Catalogue of Great Britain and surroundings |page=36 |last1=Musson |first1=RMW |date=2014 |website=European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data |publisher=[[British Geological Survey]] |access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

==== Europe ====
* July &ndash; [[Philip II of France#Wars with his vassals|Treaty of Boves]]: King [[Philip II of France]] signs a treaty to ensure his authority over his vassals, with [[Amiens|Amiénois]], [[Artois]] and other places in northern [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] passing to him. Philip is given the nickname "Augustus" by the monk [[Rigord]] for augmenting French lands.<ref>Baldwin, John W. (1991). ''The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages'', p. 3. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0520073916}}.</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; The cave monastery of [[Vardzia]] is consecrated by Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]]. She marries [[Yury Bogolyubsky]], Grand Prince of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]].
* September &ndash; [[Henry the Lion]], duke of [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]], returns to [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] after being banished for three years by [[Frederick Barbarossa]], Holy Roman Emperor.<ref>Williams, Hywell (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 128. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[December 6]] &ndash; King [[Afonso I of Portugal]] ("the Great") dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded by his son [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho I]] ("the Populator") as ruler of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].
* [[Igor Svyatoslavich]]'s failed campaign against the [[Cumans]], later immortalized in ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]'', takes place this year.

==== Africa ====
* The Almohad forces under Caliph [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] reconquer [[Béjaïa]] and [[Algiers]], that have been taken by the [[Banu Ghaniya]], descendants of the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Yashima]]: Japanese forces (with some 140 ships, 1,000 cavalry and 30,000 horses) under [[Minamoto no Yoshitsune]] defeat the [[Taira clan]] just off [[Shikoku]] in the [[Seto Inland Sea]]. 
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Dan-no-ura|Battle of Dan-no-Ura]]: The Japanese fleet (some 300 ships) led by Minamoto no Yoshitsune defeats the fleet of the Taira clan in the [[Kanmon Straits|Shimonoseki Strait]].
* December &ndash; Retired [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]] grants [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] the authority to form the first ''[[Shogun#Shogunate|bakufu]]'' (shogunate) in [[Japan]], ending the [[Genpei War]].

=== By topic ===

==== Astronomy ====
* [[May 1]] &ndash; The [[Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185]], visible across [[Central America]], Northern and Eastern Europe and [[Kazakhstan]], occurs.

==== Markets ====
* Evidence is first uncovered that Henry II of England is using the safes of the [[Temple Church]] in [[London]] (consecrated February 10), under the guard of the [[Knights Templar]], to store part of his treasure.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=The American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–17 |doi=10.2307/1832571|jstor=1832571}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Pope Lucius III]] dies after a 4-year [[pontificate]] in exile at [[Verona]]. He is succeeded by Urban III as the 172nd pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (until [[1187]]).</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]] ("the Fat"), king of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (d. [[1223]])
* [[Alexander of Hales]], English philosopher (d. [[1245]])
* [[Angelus of Jerusalem]], Israeli priest and [[martyr]] (d. [[1220]])
* [[Dietrich V, Count of Cleves|Dietrich V]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] (approximate date)
* [[Engelbert II of Berg|Engelbert II]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Cologne]] (approximate date)
* [[Fujiwara no Reishi]], Japanese empress consort (d. [[1243]])
* [[Gerard III, Count of Guelders|Gerard III]], count of [[Guelders]] and [[County of Zutphen|Zutphen]] (d. [[1229]])
* [[Gertrude of Merania]], queen of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]]  (d. [[1213]])
* [[Inge II of Norway|Inge II]] (Bårdsson), king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (d. [[1217]])
* [[Michael of Chernigov]], Kievan Grand Prince (d. [[1246]])
* [[Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar]], Anglo-Scottish nobleman (d. [[1249]])
* [[Raymond Roger Trencavel]], French nobleman (d. [[1209]])
* [[Robert III, Count of Dreux|Robert III]], count of [[Dreux]] and [[Braine, Aisne|Braine]] (d. [[1234]])
* [[Shams Tabrizi]], Persian poet and writer (d. [[1248]])
* [[Tancred Tancredi|Tancred of Siena]], Italian [[missionary]] (d. [[1241]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Theodoric I, Margrave of Lusatia|Theodoric I]], margrave of [[March of Lusatia|Lusatia]] (b. [[1130]])
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]] ("the Leper King"), king of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] (b. [[1161]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Satō Tsugunobu]], Japanese warrior (b. [[1158]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Dan-no-ura|Battle of Dan-no-Ura]]:
** [[Emperor Antoku|Antoku]], child-emperor of [[Japan]] (b. [[1178]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Antoku {{!}} emperor of Japan |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoku |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Taira no Tokiko]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] nun (b. [[1126]])
** [[Taira no Norimori]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1128]])
** [[Taira no Noritsune]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1160]])
** [[Taira no Tomomori]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1152]])
** [[Taira no Tsunemori]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1124]])
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile|Richeza of Poland]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] (b. [[1140]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Constantine Makrodoukas]], Byzantine nobleman
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Taira no Munemori]], Japanese [[samurai]] (b. [[1147]])
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Stefan (archbishop of Uppsala)|Stefan]], archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Uppsala|Uppsala]] (b. before [[1143]])
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Stephen Hagiochristophorites]], Byzantine official
* [[September 12]]  &ndash; [[Andronikos I Komnenos]], Byzantine emperor, assassinated (b. [[1118]])
* September &ndash;  [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)]], Byzantine co-emperor, assassinated (b. [[1159]])
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (b. [[1097]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso I]] ("the Great"), king of Portugal (b. [[1109]])
* [[Al-Suhayli|Abd Allah al-Suhayli]], Moorish scholar and writer (b. [[1114]])
* [[Bhāskara II|Bhāskara]] ("the Teacher"), Indian mathematician (b. 1114)
* [[Fernando Rodríguez de Castro]], Spanish nobleman (b. [[1125]]) (after August 16)
* [[Ibn Tufail]], Arab-Andalusian [[polymath]] and writer (b. [[1105]])
* [[Máel Íosa Ua Dálaigh]], Irish [[Ollamh Érenn]] (chief bard)
* [[Taira no Shigehira]], Japanese general, executed (b. 1158)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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