Editing 1197

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1197}}
{{Year nav|1197}}
{{C12 year in topic}} 
[[File:Philipp von Schwaben Chronica regia Colonensis.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Portrait of [[Philip of Swabia]] (1177–1208)]]
Year '''1197''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCXCVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] travels to [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] to persuade Pope [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]] to crown his infant son [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], who has been elected "King of the Romans" at [[Frankfurt]].
* King [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] (the Lionheart) has [[Château Gaillard]] ([[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]) built on the [[Seine|Seine River]] as he fights to restore [[Angevin Empire|Angevin]] power in northern [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] (approximate date).
* Summer &ndash; Henry VI takes cruel measures to put down [[Jordan Lupin]]'s insurrection in [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and southern Italy, which has been provoked by the oppression of his German officials.
* June/July &ndash; [[Crusade of 1197|German crusaders]] launch an [[Raid on Silves (1197)|attack on Silves]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Charles Wendell David |first=Charles Wendell |last=David |title=Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=81 |issue=5 |year=1939 |pages=591–676 (at 660) |jstor=985010}}</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; Henry VI dies of [[malaria]] at [[Messina]] (also possibly poisoned),<ref>"Henry VI died in Messina, poisoned, so it was believed, by his own entourage because of his Italian policy." P. 41 in Kenneth Varty (editor), Reynard the Fox: Social Engagement and Cultural Metamorphoses in the Beast Epic from the Middle Ages to the Present (Berghahn Books, 2000). {{ISBN|1-57181-737-9}}.</ref> while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper [[Alexios III Angelos|Alexios III]] (Angelos).  
* Autumn &ndash; A [[German throne dispute|German civil war]] begins upon the sudden death of Henry VI. Henry's brother, [[Philip of Swabia]], takes over the family lands and claims his inheritance.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 92–93. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* Autumn &ndash; A [[Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)|dynastic feud]] breaks out between [[Emeric, King of Hungary]] and his younger brother [[Andrew II of Hungary|Duke Andrew]]. After a brief skirmish, Emeric is forced to cede [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatia]] and [[Dalmatia]] to Andrew, who begins to administer the provinces as a ''[[de facto]]'' sovereign monarch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=2001 |title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |pages=86–87 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |isbn=1-86064-061-3}}</ref>
* Winter &ndash; Duke [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] forces his brother, [[Vladislaus III, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus III]], to abandon [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]]. Ottokar restores power and Vladislaus accepts the [[Margrave|margravial]] title of [[History of Moravia#Union with Bohemia|Moravia]].
* [[Saracen]] pirates, from the [[Balearic Islands]], raid the city of [[Toulon]] in [[Provence]], and the [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] [[Lérins Abbey|monastery of Saint Honorat]], on the [[Lérins Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Lyon|location=Lyon|author=Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux}}</ref>
* [[Northern Crusades]]: Danish forces led by King [[Canute VI of Denmark|Canute VI]] raid the area of present-day [[Estonia]].<ref>[[Sulev Vahtre]] (2007). Eesti ajalugu: kronoloogia, 2007. Printed by "Olion". Pg 21.</ref>
* [[Civil war era in Norway]]: conflict between king [[Sverre of Norway]] and the party of [[Bagler]].

==== Wales ====
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Rhys ap Gruffydd]], a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest son [[Gruffydd ap Rhys II]]. With the help of [[Gwenwynwyn]], his brother [[Maelgwn ap Rhys]] invades southern [[Wales]].
* Summer &ndash; Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is imprisoned at [[Corfe Castle]] and Maelgwn ap Rhys claims the throne.

==== Levant ====
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Henry II, Count of Champagne|Henry I]] (or '''Henry II'''), king of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], dies from falling out a first-floor window at his palace in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. His widow, [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]], becomes [[regent]] while the kingdom is thrown into consternation.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 78. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[September 22]] &ndash; About 16,000 German crusaders reach Acre, starting the [[crusade of 1197]]. Emperor Henry VI, who planned to join the forces later on, was forced to stay behind in Sicily due to illness. On September 28 he dies at Messina. Meanwhile the crusaders manage to reconquer Sidon and Beirut but return to Germany after receiving the news of the emperor's death.

==== Asia ====
* [[Genghis Khan]] (or '''Temüjin'''), with help from the [[Keraites]], defeats the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]]. The Jin bestowed Genghis' [[blood brother]] [[Toghrul]] with the honorable title of '''Ong Khan''', and Genghis receives the lesser title of ''j'aut quri''. During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites.<ref>Biran, Michal (2012). ''Genghis Khan'', p. 35. London: Oneworld Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-78074-204-5}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[Arbroath Abbey]] located in the Scottish town of [[Arbroath]], is consecrated and dedicated to St. [[Thomas Becket]].
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Emperor Juntoku|Juntoku]], emperor of [[Japan]] (d. [[1242]])
* [[Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy|Amadeus IV]], count of [[Savoy]] ([[House of Savoy]]) (d. [[1253]])
* [[Dharmasvamin]], Tibetan monk and [[Pilgrimage|pilgrim]] (d. [[1264]])
* [[Ibn al-Baitar]], Moorish botanist and pharmacist (d. [[1248]])
* [[John de Braose]] ('''Tadody'''), English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (or [[1198]])
* [[Naratheinga Uzana]], Burmese prince and [[regent]] (d. [[1235]])
* [[Nicola Paglia]], Italian priest and preacher (d. [[1256]])
* [[Nikephoros Blemmydes]], Byzantine theologian (d. [[1272]])
* [[Oberto Pallavicino]], Italian nobleman (''[[Signoria|signore]]'') (d. [[1269]])
* [[Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse|Raymond VII]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1249]])
* [[Richard of Chichester]], bishop of [[Diocese of Chichester|Chichester]] (d. 1253) 
* [[William de Braose (died 1230)|William de Braose]], English nobleman (d. [[1230]])

== Deaths ==
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Davyd Rostislavich]], Kievan Grand Prince (b. [[1140]])
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Rhys ap Gruffydd]], Welsh prince of [[Deheubarth]] 
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Gertrude of Bavaria]], queen consort of [[Denmark]]
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Rudolf of Wied]] (or '''Rudolph'''), archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier|Trier]]
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Henry II, Count of Champagne|Henry I]] (or '''Henry II'''), king of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] (b. [[1166]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary|Margaret of France]], daughter of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] 
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], Holy Roman Emperor (b. [[1165]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleinhenz |first1=Christopher |title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |date=2 August 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94880-1 |page=492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT522 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[Saint Homobonus|Homobonus of Cremona]], Italian merchant 
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Empress Wu (Song dynasty)|Wu]] (or '''Xiansheng'''), Chinese empress (b. [[1115]])
* [[Alix of France]], French countess consort and regent (b. [[1150]])
* [[Bretislav III]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague|Prague]] ([[Přemyslid dynasty|House of Přemyslid]]) (b. [[1137]])
* [[Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani]], Arab [[Hanafi]] jurist (b. [[1135]])
* [[Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi]], Arab scholar and theologian
* [[Jón Loftsson]], Icelandic chieftain and politician (b. [[1124]])
* [[Jordan Lupin]], Italo-Norman nobleman and rebel leader
* [[Margaritus of Brindisi]], Sicilian Grand Admiral (b. [[1149]])
* [[Owain Cyfeiliog|Owain ap Gruffydd]] (or '''Cyfeiliog'''), Welsh prince (b. [[1130]])
* [[Peter II of Bulgaria|Peter II]] (or '''Theodor-Peter'''), ruler (''[[tsar]]'') of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] 
* [[Peter Cantor]] ('''the Chanter'''), French theologian and writer
* [[Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh]], Irish king of [[Iar Connacht]]
* [[Tughtakin ibn Ayyub]], Ayyubid emir (prince) of [[Arabia]]
* [[Walter Devereux (born 1173)|Walter Devereux]], Norman nobleman and knight (b. [[1173]])
* [[William de Longchamp]], Norman nobleman and bishop

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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