Editing 1198

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1198}}
{{Year nav|1198}}
{{C12 year in topic}} 
[[File:Innozenz3.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Pope Innocent III]] (r. 1198–1216)]]
Year '''1198''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCXCVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Philip of Swabia]], son of the late Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]], is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at [[Mühlhausen]] in [[Thuringia]]. Archbishop [[Adolf of Altena|Adolf of Cologne]] elects [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto of Brunswick]], son of [[Henry the Lion]], as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as [[King of the Romans]] in [[Aachen]] by supporters of the [[House of Welf]]. Philip's [[coronation]] does not take place until [[September 8]], at [[Mainz]].
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], infant son of the late Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], is crowned King of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. His mother, Queen [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance I]] becomes [[regent]], while she surrounds herself with local advisors. On [[November 27]], Constance dies in the royal palace at [[Palermo]]. She is succeeded by the new pope, [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]], who becomes Frederick's guardian and mentor.

==== England ====
* [[John, King of England|John of England]] captures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict against [[France in the Middle Ages|France]].<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 47</ref> His brother, King [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] ('''the Lionheart''') introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 62</ref>  The office of [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]] is also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines in [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]].<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 124</ref>
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gisors]]: Richard I defeats the French forces led by [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] ('''Augustus''') at [[Courcelles-lès-Gisors]], in [[Picardy]]. Richard captures three castles on the border of the [[Vexin]]. The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.

==== Levant ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Aimery of Cyprus|Amalric I]], ruler of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]], marries Princess [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]], daughter of the late King [[Amalric I of Jerusalem|Amalric I]]. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. On [[July 1]], Amalric signs a truce with [[Al-Adil I]], sultan of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] and [[Syria]], securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as [[Antioch]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 79–82. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[February 18]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]] (or '''Toba the Second''') abdicates the throne in favor of his two-year-old son [[Emperor Tsuchimikado|Tsuchimikado]], after a 14-year reign.
* Emperor [[Emperor Ningzong|Ningzong of Song]] bans the practice of [[Neo-Confucianism]].<ref name=Cambridge>{{cite book |last = Twitchett|first = Denis|title = The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5: The Sung dynasty and its Predecessors, 907–1279|year = 2009 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |isbn = 9780521812481 |page=787}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Averroes]] (or '''Ibn Rushd'''), Arab polymath and physician, dies. He is the author of more than 100 books, for which he is known in the [[western world]] as ''The Commentator and Father of Rationalism''.<ref>Gill, John (2009). ''Andalucía: A Cultural History'', pp. 108–110. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-537610-4}}.</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[January 8]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]] dies at [[Rome]], after a [[pontificate]] of nearly 7 years. He is succeeded by [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]], as the 176th pope of the [[Catholic Church]]. Shortly after he lays an [[Interdict (Catholic canon law)|interdict]] on [[Laon]], in an attempt to create independent beliefs there. This will be followed by interdicts against France in [[1199]], and [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] in [[1203]].
* Innocent III excommunicates Philip II for repudiating his marriage to [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France|Ingeborg of Denmark]] (see [[1193]]), to whom he took an almost instant dislike, but public opinion forces Philip to effect a reconciliation with the pope.
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Kyaswa]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Empire]] (d. [[1251]])
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Shigetoki (born 1198)|Hōjō Shigetoki]], Japanese [[samurai]] (d. [[1261]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (d. [[1249]])
* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Ai Zong]], Chinese emperor (d. [[1234]])
* [[Baldwin III, Count of Guînes|Baldwin III]], Flemish [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1244]])
* [[Beatrice of Savoy]], countess of [[Provence]] (d. [[1266]])
* [[Beatrice of Swabia]], Holy Roman Empress (d. [[1212]])
* [[Hugh I, Count of Blois|Hugh I of Châtillon]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1248]])
* [[Infanta Branca, Lady of Guadalajara|Branca of Portugal]], Portuguese princess (d. [[1240]])
* [[Fujiwara no Tameie]], Japanese ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'' poet (d. [[1275]])
* [[Humbert V de Beaujeu]], French [[Grand Constable of France|constable]] (d. [[1250]])
* [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]], Arab missionary (d. [[1292]])
* [[John de Braose]] ('''Tadody'''), English nobleman (d. [[1232]])
* [[Konrad the Curly]], Polish nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Koun Ejō]], Japanese [[Sōtō|Sōtō Zen]] monk and priest (d. [[1280]])
* [[Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant|Marie of France]], French princess and duchess (d. [[1224]])
* [[Minamoto no Ichiman]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1203]]) 
* [[Ordoño Álvarez]], Spanish [[abbot]] and cardinal (d. [[1285]])
* [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence|Ramon Berenguer IV]], Spanish nobleman (d. [[1245]])
* [[Siraj al-Din Urmavi]], Ayyubid philosopher (d. [[1283]])
* [[Sybilla of Lusignan]], queen of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Lesser Armenia]] (d. [[1230]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (b. [[1106]])
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Walram I, Count of Nassau|Walram I]] (of '''Laurenburg'''), German nobleman
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Marie of France, Countess of Champagne|Marie of France]], French princess and countess (b. [[1145]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)|Frederick I]] ('''the Catholic'''), duke of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]] (b. [[1175]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[George II of Constantinople|George II]] ('''Xiphilinos'''), patriarch of [[Constantinople]] 
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Berthold of Hanover]], German apostle and bishop
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Hellicha of Wittelsbach]], duchess of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]]
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Richard FitzNeal]], bishop of [[Diocese of London|London]] (b. [[1130]])
* [[November 27]] 
** [[Abraham ben David]], French [[rabbi]] (b. [[1125]])
** [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance I]], queen regent of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] (b. [[1154]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Al-Aziz Uthman]], sultan of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] (b. [[1171]])
* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], High King of [[Ireland]]
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Averroes]], Arab judge and physician (b. [[1126]])
* [[Abu Madyan]], Andalusian mystic and [[Sufi]] master (b. 1126)
* [[Alix of France]], French princess and countess (approximate date)
* [[Constantine II of Torres|Constantine II]] ('''de Martis'''), ruler of the [[Judicate of Logudoro]]
* [[Donatus of Ripacandida]], Italian monk and saint (b. [[1179]])
* [[Dulce of Aragon]] (or '''Barcelona'''), queen of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (b. [[1160]])
* [[Nerses of Lambron]], Armenian archbishop and writer (b. [[1153]])
* [[Walter Fitz Robert]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1124]])
* [[William of Newburgh]], English historian and writer (b. [[1136]])
* [[Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich]], Kievan Grand Prince (b. [[1139]])

== References ==
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