Editing 1231

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1231}}
{{Year nav|1231}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Simon Leicester.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] (c. 1208–1265)]]
Year '''1231''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] promulgates the [[Constitutions of Melfi]] (''Liber Augustalis''), a collection of laws for [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], as well as the Edict of [[Salerno]], regulating the exercise of [[medicine]] and separating the professions of [[physician]] and [[apothecary]], and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rashdall|first1=Hastings|title=The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages|date=1895|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/universitieseur00unkngoog/page/n119 85]|url=https://archive.org/details/universitieseur00unkngoog|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Reconquista]]'':
** Castillian forces under King [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] ("the Saint") re-conquer the city of [[Quesada, Spain|Quesada]].<ref name=linehan1999c>{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–673|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref>
** [[Battle of Jerez]]: Ferdinand III defeats Emir [[Ibn Hud]] of the Taifa of [[Murcia]].
* [[Peter des Roches]], Bishop of Winchester, negotiates a 3-year truce between England and France.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=80–82|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}</ref>

==== Britain ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]] becomes a powerful lord in the [[Welsh Marches]], controlling the castles at [[Cardigan Castle|Cardigan]] and [[Carmarthen Castle|Carmarthen]]. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, [[Llywelyn the Great]] launches a campaign against Norman lordship in [[Wales]].
* [[August 13]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] orders the sheriffs of [[Hampshire]], [[Dorset]]shire and [[Wiltshire]] to give [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] the possession of the lands of his father, [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort the elder]].
* December &ndash; Henry III ends his Welsh campaign and makes peace with Llywelyn the Great.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 138. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* The [[University of Cambridge]] is recognised by a writ of authority over its townspeople from Henry III.<ref>[[Close Roll]]s.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* Autumn &ndash; Frederick II appoints Marshal [[Richard Filangieri]] as his imperial [[Ambassador|legate]], and sends an expeditionary army of mostly [[Lombardy|Lombards]] for the defense of [[Jerusalem]]. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 164. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[War of the Lombards]]: Richard Filangieri sails for [[Beirut]], where the town is handed over to him. He occupies [[Sidon]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] – while other Lombard forces appear before [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador (''[[Bailo|baili]]'').<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 165. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== China ====
* [[April 9]] &ndash; A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of [[Hangzhou]] during the [[Song dynasty]]. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.

==== Mongol Empire ====
* August &ndash; [[Ögedei Khan]] orders the invasion of [[Korea]]. A Mongol army crosses the [[Yalu River]] and quickly secures the surrender of the border town of [[Uiju County|Uiju]]. The Mongols are joined by [[Hong Pok-wŏn]], a Goryeo general, who takes their side with his subordinates numbering some 1500 families.<ref>Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). ''Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination'', p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.</ref>
* [[Siege of Kuju]]: Mongol forces besiege the city of [[Kusong|Kuju]]. They deploy assault teams who man [[siege tower]]s and scale ladders. Despite the fact the Goryeo army is heavily outnumbered, the garrison refuses to surrender.

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[April 13]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]] issues ''[[Parens scientiarum]]''. The bull assures the independence and self-governance of the [[University of Paris]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Emperor Shijō|Shijō]] (Mitsuhito), emperor of [[Japan]] (d. [[1242]])
* [[Guo Shoujing]], Chinese astronomer and engineer (d. [[1316]])
* [[James Salomoni]], Italian [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest and prior (d. [[1314]])
* [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1304]])
* [[John of Burgundy (1231–1268)|John of Burgundy]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1268]])
* [[Philip of Castile]], Spanish prince and archbishop (d. [[1274]])
* [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore|Roger Mortimer]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1282]])
* [[Tommaso degli Stefani]], Italian painter and artist (d. [[1310]])
* [[Yolanda of Vianden]], Luxembourgish prioress (d. [[1283]])

== Deaths ==
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal]], English nobleman (b. [[1190]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy|Beatrice II]], French countess palatine (b. [[1193]])
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Anthony of Padua]], Portuguese priest (b. [[1195]])
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Henry I, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg|Henry I]], German nobleman ([[House of Zähringen]])
* [[August 3]] &ndash; [[Richard le Grant]], archbishop of [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark|Eleanor of Portugal]], queen consort of [[Denmark]] 
* September &ndash; [[Ibn Muti al-Zawawi]], Almohad jurist, philologian and writer
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[William II of Dampierre|William II]], French nobleman (b. [[1196]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria|Louis I]], German nobleman (b. [[1173]])
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Władysław III Spindleshanks|Władysław III]], Polish nobleman (b. [[1167]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Emperor Tsuchimikado|Tsuchimikado]], emperor of Japan (b. 1196)
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi]], Abbasid physician (b. [[1162]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Hungary|Elizabeth]], Hungarian princess (b. [[1207]])
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Valdemar the Young]], king of Denmark
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Richardis of Bavaria|Richardis]], German noblewoman (b. 1173)
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Ida of Nivelles]], Flemish nun and [[Mysticism|mystic]] 
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Folquet de Marselha]], French bishop 
* [[Abu Said al-Baji]], Almohad leader and scholar (b. [[1156]])
* [[Aurembiaix]], Spanish countess ([[County of Urgell|House of Urgell]]) (b. 1196)
* [[Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire]], Irish historian, poet and writer
* [[Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Landgravine of Thuringia]], German noblewoman (b. [[1206]])
* [[Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón]], Spanish nobleman (b. [[1160]])
* [[Ibn al-Qattan]], Almohad [[imam]], scholar and intellectual
* [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]], ruler of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]
* [[Matthew FitzHerbert]], English nobleman and high sheriff
* [[Meinhard II, Count of Gorizia]] ("the Elder"), German nobleman and knight
* [[William of Auxerre]], French archdeacon and theologian
* [[Zhao Rukuo]], Chinese historian and politician (b. [[1170]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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